Polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase nucleic acid molecules and polypeptides, compositions, and methods of making and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed to isolated nucleic acid molecules and polypeptides of thraustochytrid polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) synthases involved in the production of PUFAs, including PUFAs enriched in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), or a combination thereof. The present invention is directed to vectors and host cells comprising the nucleic acid molecules, polypeptides encoded by the nucleic acid molecules, compositions comprising the nucleic acid molecules or polypeptides, and methods of making and uses thereof.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a divisional application of U.S. Appl. No. 14/566,458, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,540,666. filed Dec. 10, 2014, which is a divisional application of U.S. Appl. No. 12/727,851, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,940,884, filed Mar. 19, 2010, which application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Appl. No. 61/161,742, filed Mar. 19, 2009, and U.S. Appl. No. 61/296,460, filed Jan. 19, 2010, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

REFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED ELECTRONICALLY

The content of the electronically submitted sequence listing (“sequence listing.txt”, 507,769 bytes, created on Mar. 12, 2010) filed with the application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Field of the Invention

The present invention is directed to isolated nucleic acid molecules and polypeptides of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) synthases involved in the production of PUFAs, including PUFAs enriched in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), or a combination thereof. The present invention is directed to vectors and host cells comprising the nucleic acid molecules, polypeptides encoded by the nucleic acid molecules, compositions comprising the nucleic acid molecules or polypeptides, and methods of making and uses thereof.

Background of the Invention

Thraustochytrids are microorganisms of the order Thraustochytriales, including members of the genus Thraustochytrium and the genus Schizochytrium, and have been recognized as an alternative source of PUFAs. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,130,242. It has recently been shown that polyketide synthase (PKS)-like systems in marine bacteria and thraustochytrids are capable of synthesizing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. These PKS synthase-like systems are also referred to herein as PUFA synthase systems. PUFA synthase systems in the marine bacteria Shewanella and Vibrio marinus are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,140,486. A PUFA synthase system in a thraustochytrid of the genus Schizochytrium is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,566,583. PUFA synthase systems in thraustochytrids of the genus Schizochytrium and the genus Thraustochytrium are also described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,247,461. U.S. Pat. No. 7,211,418 describes a PUFA synthase system in a thraustochytrid of the genus Thraustochytrium and the production of eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5, omega-3) (EPA) and other PUFAs using the system. U.S. Pat. No. 7,217,856 describes PUFA synthase systems in Shewanella olleyana and Shewanella japonica. WO 2005/097982 describes a PUFA synthase system in strain SAM2179. U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,208,590 and 7,368,552 describe PUFA synthase genes and proteins from Thraustochytrium aureum.

PKS systems have been traditionally described in the literature as falling into one of three basic types, typically referred to as Type I (modular or iterative), Type II, and Type III. The Type I modular PKS system has also been referred to as a “modular” PKS system, and the Type I iterative PKS system has also been referred to as a “Type I” PKS system. The Type II system is characterized by separable proteins, each of which carries out a distinct enzymatic reaction. The enzymes work in concert to produce the end product and each individual enzyme of the system typically participates several times in the production of the end product. This type of system operates in a manner analogous to the fatty acid synthase (FAS) systems found in plants and bacteria. Type I iterative PKS systems are similar to the Type II system in that the enzymes are used in an iterative fashion to produce the end product. The Type I iterative system differs from the Type II system in that enzymatic activities, instead of being associated with separable proteins, occur as domains of larger proteins. This system is analogous to the Type I FAS systems found in animals and fungi.

In contrast to the Type II systems, each enzyme domain in the Type I modular PKS systems is used only once in the production of the end product. The domains are found in very large proteins and the product of each reaction is passed on to another domain in the PKS protein.

Type III systems have been more recently discovered and belong to the plant chalcone synthase family of condensing enzymes. Type III PKSs are distinct from Type I and Type II PKS systems and utilize free CoA substrates in iterative condensation reactions to usually produce a heterocyclic end product.

In the conventional or standard pathway for PUFA synthesis, medium chain-length saturated fatty acids (products of a fatty acid synthase (FAS) system) are modified by a series of elongation and desaturation reactions. The substrates for the elongation reaction are fatty acyl-CoA (the fatty acid chain to be elongated) and malonyl-CoA (the source of the two carbons added during each elongation reaction). The product of the elongase reaction is a fatty acyl-CoA that has two additional carbons in the linear chain. The desaturases create cis double bonds in the preexisting fatty acid chain by extraction of two hydrogens in an oxygen-dependant reaction. The substrates for the desaturases are either acyl-CoA (in some animals) or the fatty acid that is esterified to the glycerol backbone of a phospholipid (e.g., phosphatidylcholine).

Fatty acids are classified based on the length and saturation characteristics of the carbon chain. Fatty acids are termed short chain, medium chain, or long chain fatty acids based on the number of carbons present in the chain, are termed saturated fatty acids when no double bonds are present between the carbon atoms, and are termed unsaturated fatty acids when double bonds are present. Unsaturated long chain fatty acids are monounsaturated when only one double bond is present and are polyunsaturated when more than one double bond is present.

PUFAs are classified based on the position of the first double bond from the methyl end of the fatty acid: omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids contain a first double bond at the third carbon, while omega-6 (n-6) fatty acids contain a first double bond at the sixth carbon. For example, docosahexaenoic acid (“DHA”) is an omega-3 PUFA with a chain length of 22 carbons and 6 double bonds, often designated as “22:6 n-3.” Other omega-3 PUFAs include eicosapentaenoic acid (“EPA”), designated as “20:5 n-3,” and omega-3 docosapentaenoic acid (“DPA n-3”), designated as “22:5 n-3.” DHA and EPA have been termed “essential” fatty acids. Omega-6 PUFAs include arachidonic acid (“ARA”), designated as “20:4 n-6,” and omega-6 docosapentaenoic acid (“DPA n-6”), designated as “22:5 n-6.”

Omega-3 fatty acids are biologically important molecules that affect cellular physiology due to their presence in cell membranes, regulate production and gene expression of biologically active compounds, and serve as biosynthetic substrates. Roche, H. M., Proc. Nutr. Soc. 58: 397-401 (1999). DHA, for example, accounts for approximately 15%-20% of lipids in the human cerebral cortex, and 30%-60% of lipids in the retina, is concentrated in the testes and sperm, and is an important component of breast milk. Berge, J. P., and Barnathan, G. Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 96:49-125 (2005). DHA accounts for up to 97% of the omega-3 fatty acids in the brain and up to 93% of the omega-3 fatty acids in the retina. Moreover, DHA is essential for both fetal and infant development, as well as maintenance of cognitive functions in adults. Id. Because omega-3 fatty acids are not synthesized de novo in the human body, these fatty acids must be derived from nutritional sources.

Flaxseed oil and fish oils are considered good dietary sources of omega-3 fatty acids. Flaxseed oil contains no EPA, DHA, DPA, or ARA but rather contains linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3), a building block enabling the body to manufacture EPA. There is evidence, however, that the rate of metabolic conversion can be slow and variable, particularly among those with impaired health. Fish oils vary considerably in the type and level of fatty acid composition depending on the particular species and their diets. For example, fish raised by aquaculture tend to have a lower level of omega-3 fatty acids than those in the wild. Furthermore, fish oils carry the risk of containing environmental contaminants and can be associated with stability problems and a fishy odor or taste.

Oils produced from thraustochytrids often have simpler polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles than corresponding fish or microalgal oils. Lewis, T. E., Mar. Biotechnol. 1: 580-587 (1999). Strains of thraustrochytrid species have been reported to produce omega-3 fatty acids as a high percentage of the total fatty acids produced by the organisms. U.S. Pat. No. 5,130,242; Huang, J. et al., J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 78: 605-610 (2001); Huang, J. et al., Mar. Biotechnol. 5: 450-457 (2003). However, isolated thraustochytrids vary in the identity and amounts of PUFAs produced, such that some previously described strains can have undesirable PUFA profiles.

Efforts have been made to produce PUFAs in oil-seed crop plants by modification of the endogenously-produced fatty acids. Genetic modification of these plants with various individual genes for fatty acid elongases and desaturases has produced leaves or seeds containing measurable levels of PUFAs such as EPA, but also containing significant levels of mixed shorter-chain and less unsaturated PUFAs (Qi et al., Nature Biotech. 22:739 (2004); PCT Publ. No. WO 04/071467; Abbadi et al., Plant Cell 16:1 (2004)); Napier and Sayanova, Proc. Nutrition Society 64:387-393 (2005); Robert et al., Functional Plant Biology 32:473-479 (2005); and U.S. Appl. Publ. No. 2004/0172682).

As such, a continuing need exists for the isolation of nucleic acid molecules and polypeptides associated with desirable PUFA profiles and methods to produce desirable PUFA profiles through use of such nucleic acid molecules and polypeptides.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to an isolated nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of: (a) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:1, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising PUFA synthase activity selected from the group consisting of beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase (KS) activity, malonyl-CoA:ACP acyltransferase (MAT) activity, acyl carrier protein (ACP) activity, ketoreductase (KR) activity, beta-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydrase (DH) activity, and combinations thereof; (b) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:7, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising KS activity; (c) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:9, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising MAT activity; (d) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs:13, 15, 17, 19, 21, or 23, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising ACP activity; (e) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:11, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising ACP activity; (f) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:25, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising KR activity; and (g) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:27, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising DH activity. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequences are at least 90% identical or at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NOs:1, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27, respectively. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules comprise the polynucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs:1, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, and 27, respectively.

The present invention is directed to an isolated nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of: (a) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:2, and wherein the polypeptide comprises a PUFA synthase activity selected from the group consisting of KS activity, MAT activity, ACP activity, KR activity, DH activity, and combinations thereof; (b) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:8, and wherein the polypeptide comprises KS activity; (c) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:10, and wherein the polypeptide comprises MAT activity; (d) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs:14, 16, 18, 20, 22, or 24, and wherein the polypeptide comprises ACP activity; (e) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:12, and wherein the polypeptide comprises ACP activity; (f) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:26, and wherein the polypeptide comprises KR activity; and (g) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:28, and wherein the polypeptide comprises DH activity. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequences are at least 90% identical or at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NOs:2, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, and 28, respectively. In some embodiments, the polypeptides comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs:2, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, and 28, respectively.

The present invention is directed to an isolated nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of: (a) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:3, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising PUFA synthase activity selected from the group consisting of KS activity, chain length factor (CLF) activity, acyltransferase (AT) activity, enoyl-ACP reductase (ER) activity, and combinations thereof; (b) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:29, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising KS activity; (c) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:31, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising CLF activity; (d) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:33, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising AT activity; and (e) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:35, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising ER activity. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequences are at least 90% identical or at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NOs:3, 29, 31, 33, and 35, respectively. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules comprise the polynucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs:3, 29, 31, 33, and 35, respectively.

The present invention is directed to an isolated nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of: (a) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:4, and wherein the polypeptide comprises a PUFA synthase activity selected from the group consisting of KS activity, CLF activity, AT activity, ER activity, and combinations thereof; (b) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:30, and wherein the polypeptide comprises KS activity; (c) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:32, and wherein the polypeptide comprises CLF activity; (d) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:34, and wherein the polypeptide comprises AT activity; and (e) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:36, and wherein the polypeptide comprises ER activity. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequences are at least 90% identical or at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NOs:4, 30, 32, 34, and 36, respectively. In some embodiments, the polypeptides comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs:4, 30, 32, 34, and 36, respectively.

The present invention is directed to an isolated nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of: (a) an nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:5, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising PUFA synthase activity selected from the group consisting of DH activity, ER activity, and combinations thereof; (b) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:37, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising DH activity; (c) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:39, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising DH activity; and (d) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:41, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising ER activity. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequences are at least 90% identical or at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NOs:5, 37, 39, and 41, respectively. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules comprise the polynucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs:5, 37, 39, and 41, respectively.

The present invention is directed to an isolated nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of: (a) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:6, wherein the polypeptide comprises PUFA synthase activity selected from the group consisting of DH activity, ER activity, and combinations thereof; (b) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:38, and wherein the polypeptide comprises DH activity; (c) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:40, and wherein the polypeptide comprises DH activity; and (d) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:42, and wherein the polypeptide comprises ER activity. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequences are at least 90% identical or at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NOs:6, 38, 40, and 42, respectively. In some embodiments, the polypeptides comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs:6, 38, 40, and 42, respectively.

The present invention is directed to an isolated nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of: (a) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:68 or SEQ ID NO:120, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising PUFA synthase activity selected from the group consisting of KS activity, MAT activity, ACP activity, KR activity, DH activity, and combinations thereof; (b) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:74, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising KS activity; (c) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:76, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising MAT activity; (d) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, or 98, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising ACP activity; (e) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:78, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising ACP activity; (f) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:100, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising KR activity; and (g) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:118, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising DH activity. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequences are at least 90% identical or at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NOs:68, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 118, and 120, respectively. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules comprise the polynucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs:68, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 118, and 120, respectively.

The present invention is directed to an isolated nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of: (a) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:69, and wherein the polypeptide comprises a PUFA synthase activity selected from the group consisting of KS activity, MAT activity, ACP activity, KR activity, DH activity, and combinations thereof; (b) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:75, and wherein the polypeptide comprises KS activity; (c) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:77, and wherein the polypeptide comprises MAT activity; (d) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs:81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, or 99, and wherein the polypeptide comprises ACP activity; (e) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:79, and wherein the polypeptide comprises ACP activity; (f) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:101, and wherein the polypeptide comprises KR activity; and (g) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:119, and wherein the polypeptide comprises DH activity. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequences are at least 90% identical or at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NOs:69, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, and 119, respectively. In some embodiments, the polypeptides comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs:69, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, and 119, respectively.

The present invention is directed to an isolated nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of: (a) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:70 or SEQ ID NO:121, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising PUFA synthase activity selected from the group consisting of KS activity, chain length factor (CLF) activity, acyltransferase (AT) activity, enoyl-ACP reductase (ER) activity, and combinations thereof; (b) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:102, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising KS activity; (c) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:104, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising CLF activity; (d) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:106, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising AT activity; and (e) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:108, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising ER activity. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequences are at least 90% identical or at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NOs:70, 102, 104, 106, 108, and 121, respectively. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules comprise the polynucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs:70, 102, 104, 106, 108, and 121, respectively.

The present invention is directed to an isolated nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of: (a) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:71, and wherein the polypeptide comprises a PUFA synthase activity selected from the group consisting of KS activity, CLF activity, AT activity, ER activity, and combinations thereof; (b) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:103, and wherein the polypeptide comprises KS activity; (c) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:105, and wherein the polypeptide comprises CLF activity; (d) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:107, and wherein the polypeptide comprises AT activity; and (e) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:109, and wherein the polypeptide comprises ER activity. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequences are at least 90% identical or at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NOs:71, 103, 105, 107, and 109, respectively. In some embodiments, the polypeptides comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs:71, 103, 105, 107, and 109, respectively.

The present invention is directed to an isolated nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of: (a) an nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:72 or SEQ ID NO:122, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising PUFA synthase activity selected from the group consisting of DH activity, ER activity, and combinations thereof; (b) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:110, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising DH activity; (c) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:112, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising DH activity; and (d) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:114, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising ER activity. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide sequences are at least 90% identical or at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NOs:72, 110, 112, 114, and 122, respectively. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules comprise the polynucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs:72, 110, 112, 114, and 122, respectively.

The present invention is directed to an isolated nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of: (a) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:73, wherein the polypeptide comprises PUFA synthase activity selected from the group consisting of DH activity, ER activity, and combinations thereof; (b) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:111, and wherein the polypeptide comprises DH activity; (c) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:113, and wherein the polypeptide comprises DH activity; and (d) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:115, and wherein the polypeptide comprises ER activity. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequences are at least 90% identical or at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NOs:73, 111, 113, and 115, respectively. In some embodiments, the polypeptides comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs:73, 111, 113, and 115, respectively.

The present invention is directed to an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide comprising PUFA synthase activity selected from the group consisting of KS activity, MAT activity, ACP activity, KR activity, CLF activity, AT activity, ER activity, DH activity, and combinations thereof, wherein the polynucleotide hybridizes under stringent conditions to the complement of any of the polynucleotide sequences described above.

The present invention is directed to an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence that is fully complementary to any of the polynucleotide sequences described above.

The present invention is directed to a recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising any of the nucleic acid molecules described above or combinations thereof and a transcription control sequence. In some embodiments, the recombinant nucleic acid molecule is a recombinant vector.

The present invention is directed to a host cell that expresses any of the nucleic acid molecules described above, any of the recombinant nucleic acid molecules described above, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the host cell is selected from the group consisting of a plant cell, a microbial cell, and an animal cell. In some embodiments, the microbial cell is a bacterium. In some embodiments, the bacterium is E. coli. In some embodiments, the bacterium is a marine bacterium. In some embodiments, the microbial cell is a thraustochytrid. In some embodiments, the thraustochytrid is a Schizochytrium. In some embodiments, the thraustochytrid is a Thraustochytrium. In some embodiments, the thraustochytrid is an Ulkenia.

The present invention is directed to a method to produce at least one PUFA, comprising: expressing a PUFA synthase gene in a host cell under conditions effective to produce PUFA, wherein the PUFA synthase gene comprises any of the isolated nucleic acid molecules described above, any of the recombinant nucleic acid molecules described above, or combinations thereof, and wherein at least one PUFA is produced. In one aspect of this embodiment, the host cell is selected from the group consisting of a plant cell, an isolated animal cell, and a microbial cell. In another aspect of this embodiment, the at least one PUFA comprises docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA).

The present invention is directed to a method to produce lipids enriched for DHA, EPA, or a combination thereof, comprising: expressing a PUFA synthase gene in a host cell under conditions effective to produce lipids, wherein the PUFA synthase gene comprises any of the isolated nucleic acid molecules described above, any of the recombinant nucleic acid molecules described above, or combinations thereof in the host cell, and wherein lipids enriched with DHA, EPA, or a combination thereof are produced. The present invention is directed to a method for making a recombinant vector comprising inserting any one of the isolated nucleic acid molecules described above into a vector.

The present invention is directed to a method of making a recombinant host cell comprising introducing a recombinant vector as described above into a host cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is selected from the group consisting of a plant cell, an isolated animal cell, and a microbial cell.

The present invention is directed to an isolated polypeptide encoded by any of the polynucleotide sequences described above.

The present invention is directed to an isolated polypeptide selected from the group consisting of: (a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:2, wherein the polypeptide comprises a PUFA synthase activity selected from the group consisting of KS activity, MAT activity, ACP activity, KR activity, DH activity, and combinations thereof; (b) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:8, wherein the polypeptide comprises KS activity; (c) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:10, wherein the polypeptide comprises MAT activity; (d) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs:14, 16, 18, 20, 22, or 24, wherein the polypeptide comprises ACP activity; (e) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:12, wherein the polypeptide comprises ACP activity; (f) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:26, wherein the polypeptide comprises KR activity; and (g) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:28, wherein the polypeptide comprises DH activity. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequences are at least 90% identical or at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NOs:2, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, and 28, respectively. In some embodiments, the polypeptides comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs:2, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, and 28, respectively.

The present invention is directed to an isolated polypeptide selected from the group consisting of: (a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:4, wherein the polypeptide comprises a PUFA synthase activity selected from the group consisting of KS activity, CLF activity, AT activity, ER activity, and combinations thereof; (b) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:30, wherein the polypeptide comprises KS activity; (c) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:32, wherein the polypeptide comprises CLF activity; (d) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:34, wherein the polypeptide comprises AT activity; and (e) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:36, wherein the polypeptide comprises ER activity. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequences are at least 90% identical or at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NOs:4, 30, 32, 34, and 36, respectively. In some embodiments, the polypeptides comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs:4, 30, 32, 34, and 36, respectively.

The present invention is directed to an isolated polypeptide selected from the group consisting of: (a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:6, wherein the polypeptide comprises a PUFA synthase activity selected from the group consisting of DH activity, ER activity, and combinations thereof; (b) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:38, wherein the polypeptide comprises DH activity; (c) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:40, wherein the polypeptide comprises DH activity; and (d) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:42, wherein the polypeptide comprises ER activity. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequences are at least 90% identical or at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NOs:6, 38, 40, and 42, respectively. In some embodiments, the polypeptides comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs:6, 38, 40, and 42, respectively.

The present invention is directed to an isolated polypeptide selected from the group consisting of: (a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:69, wherein the polypeptide comprises a PUFA synthase activity selected from the group consisting of KS activity, MAT activity, ACP activity, KR activity, DH activity, and combinations thereof; (b) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:75, wherein the polypeptide comprises KS activity; (c) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:77, wherein the polypeptide comprises MAT activity; (d) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs:81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, or 99, wherein the polypeptide comprises ACP activity; (e) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:79, wherein the polypeptide comprises ACP activity; (f) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:101, wherein the polypeptide comprises KR activity; and (g) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:119, wherein the polypeptide comprises DH activity. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequences are at least 90% identical or at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NOs:69, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, and 119, respectively. In some embodiments, the polypeptides comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs:69, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, and 119, respectively.

The present invention is directed to an isolated polypeptide selected from the group consisting of: (a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:71, wherein the polypeptide comprises a PUFA synthase activity selected from the group consisting of KS activity, CLF activity, AT activity, ER activity, and combinations thereof; (b) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:103, wherein the polypeptide comprises KS activity; (c) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:105, wherein the polypeptide comprises CLF activity; (d) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:107, wherein the polypeptide comprises AT activity; and (e) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:109, wherein the polypeptide comprises ER activity. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequences are at least 90% identical or at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NOs:71, 103, 105, 107, and 109, respectively. In some embodiments, the polypeptides comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs:71, 103, 105, 107, and 109, respectively.

The present invention is directed to an isolated polypeptide selected from the group consisting of: (a) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:73, wherein the polypeptide comprises a PUFA synthase activity selected from the group consisting of DH activity, ER activity, and combinations thereof; (b) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:111, wherein the polypeptide comprises DH activity; (c) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:113, wherein the polypeptide comprises DH activity; and (d) a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:115, wherein the polypeptide comprises ER activity. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequences are at least 90% identical or at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NOs:73, 111, 113, and 115, respectively. In some embodiments, the polypeptides comprise the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs:73, 111, 113, and 115, respectively.

In some embodiments, any of the isolated polypeptides of the invention can be a fusion polypeptide.

The present invention is directed to a composition comprising any of the polypeptides described above and a biologically acceptable carrier.

The present invention is directed to a method of increasing production of DHA, EPA, or a combination thereof in an organism having PUFA synthase activity, comprising: expressing any of the isolated nucleic acid molecules described above, any of the recombinant nucleic acid molecules described above, or combinations thereof in the organism under conditions effective to produce DHA, EPA, or a combination thereof, wherein the PUFA synthase activity replaces an inactive or deleted activity, introduces a new activity, or enhances an existing activity in the organism, and wherein production of DHA, EPA, or a combination thereof in the organism is increased.

The present invention is directed to a method of isolating lipids from a host cell, comprising: (a) expressing a PUFA synthase gene in the host cell under conditions effective to produce lipids, wherein the PUFA synthase gene comprises any of the isolated nucleic acid molecules described above, any of the recombinant nucleic acid molecules described above, or combinations thereof in the host cell, and (b) isolating lipids from the host cell. In some embodiments, the host cell is selected from the group consisting of a plant cell, an isolated animal cell, and a microbial cell. In some embodiments, the lipids comprise DHA, EPA, or a combination thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows the gene architecture of the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PUFA synthases of the invention.

FIG. 2 shows the gene architecture of the Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PUFA synthases of the invention.

FIG. 3 shows the domain architecture of the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 and Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PUFA synthases of the invention and synthases from Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888, Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC 20892, Thraustochytrium aureum, and SAM2179.

FIG. 4 shows an alignment of a Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa1p amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:2) and a Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa1p amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:69) of the invention with the OrfA sequences from Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 (SEQ ID NO:54) and Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC 20892 (SEQ ID NO:56) and the ORF A sequence from Thraustochytrium aureum (SEQ ID NO:55).

FIG. 5 shows an alignment of a Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa2p amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:4) and a Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa2p amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:71) of the invention with the OrfB sequences from Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 (SEQ ID NO:57) and Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC 20892 (SEQ ID N0:58) and the ORF B sequence from Thraustochytrium aureum (SEQ ID NO:59).

FIG. 6 shows an alignment of a Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa3p amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:6) and a Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa3p amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:73) of the invention with the OrfC sequences from Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 (SEQ ID NO:61) and Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC 20892 (SEQ ID NO:60).

FIG. 7 shows the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA1 polynucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:1).

FIG. 8 shows the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa1p amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:2).

FIG. 9 shows the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA2 polynucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:3).

FIG. 10 shows the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa2p amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:4).

FIG. 11 shows the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA3 polynucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:5).

FIG. 12 shows the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa3p amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:6).

FIG. 13 shows the Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA1 polynucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:68).

FIG. 14 shows a Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA1 polynucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:120) that has been codon-optimized for expression in Schizochytrium.

FIG. 15 shows the Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa1p amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:69).

FIG. 16 shows the Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA2 polynucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:70).

FIG. 17 shows a Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA2 polynucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:121) that has been codon-optimized for expression in Schizochytrium.

FIG. 18 shows the Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa2p amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:71).

FIG. 19 shows the Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA3 polynucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:72).

FIG. 20 shows a Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA3 polynucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:122) that has been codon-optimized for expression in Schizochytrium.

FIG. 21 shows the Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa3p amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:73).

FIG. 22 shows a codon usage table for Schizochytrium.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to isolated nucleic acid molecules and polypeptides of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) synthases involved in the production of PUFAs, including PUFAs enriched in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), or a combination thereof. The present invention is directed to vectors and host cells comprising the nucleic acid molecules, polypeptides encoded by the nucleic acid molecules, compositions comprising the nucleic acid molecules or polypeptides, and methods of making and uses thereof.

PUFA Synthases

As used herein, the term “PUFA synthase” refers to an enzyme that is involved in the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids. See, e.g., Metz et al., Science 293:290-293 (2001).

The present invention is directed in part to three PUFA synthase subunits termed Pfa1p (SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:69), Pfa2p (SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:71), and Pfa3p (SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:73), as well as the genes that encode the subunits termed PFA1 (SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:68, or SEQ ID NO:120), PFA2 (SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:70, or SEQ ID NO:121), and PFA3 (SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:72, or SEQ ID NO:122). See, FIGS. 1-3 and 7-21. PUFA synthases in other thraustochytrids have also been designated as ORF 1, ORF 2, and ORF 3, respectively, or as OrfA, OrfB, and OrfC, respectively. See, e.g., Schizochytrium sp. (ATCC 20888) and Thraustochytrium sp. (ATCC 20892) in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,247,461 and 7,256,022, referring to orfA, orfB, and orfC genes and corresponding OrfA, OrfB, and OrfC proteins, and Thraustochytrium aureum (ATCC 34304) in U.S. Pat. No. 7,368,552, referring to ORF A, ORF B, and ORF C genes and proteins. See also, strain SAM2179 in WO/2005/097982, referring to ORF 1, ORF 2, and ORF 3 genes and proteins.

Nucleic Acid Molecules

The present invention is directed to isolated nucleic acid molecules comprising polynucleotide sequences for PUFA synthase genes and domains derived from an isolated microorganism that is the subject of co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 12/407,687, filed on Mar. 19, 2009, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The microorganism was deposited under the Budapest Treaty at the American Type Culture Collection, Patent Depository, 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, on Jan. 7, 2009, and given ATCC Accession No. PTA-9695, and is also referred to as Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695. When expressed, these genes produce unique fatty acid profiles, characterized in part by high levels of omega-3 fatty acids, in particular high levels of DHA.

The present invention is directed to isolated nucleic acid molecules comprising polynucleotide sequences for PUFA synthase genes and domains derived from an isolated microorganism that is the subject of co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 61/296,456, filed on Jan. 19, 2010, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The microorganism was deposited under the Budapest Treaty at the American Type Culture Collection, Patent Depository, 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, on Jul. 14, 2009, and given ATCC Accession No. PTA-10212, and is also referred to as Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212. When expressed, these genes produce unique fatty acid profiles, characterized in part by high levels of omega-3 fatty acids, in particular high levels of DHA, EPA, or a combination thereof.

As used herein, a “polynucleotide” can comprise a conventional phosphodiester bond or a non-conventional bond (e.g., an amide bond, such as found in peptide nucleic acids (PNA)). A polynucleotide can contain the nucleotide sequence of the full length cDNA sequence, including the untranslated 5′ and 3′ sequences, the coding sequences, as well as fragments, epitopes, domains, and variants of the nucleic acid sequence. The polynucleotide can be composed of any polyribonucleotide or polydeoxyribonucleotide, which can be unmodified RNA or DNA or modified RNA or DNA. For example, polynucleotides can be composed of single- and double-stranded DNA, DNA that is a mixture of single- and double-stranded regions, single- and double-stranded RNA, and RNA that is mixture of single- and double-stranded regions, hybrid molecules comprising DNA and RNA that can be single-stranded or, more typically, double-stranded or a mixture of single- and double-stranded regions. In addition, the polynucleotides can be composed of triple-stranded regions comprising RNA or DNA or both RNA and DNA. Polynucleotides can contain ribonucleosides (adenosine, guanosine, uridine, or cytidine; “RNA molecules”) or deoxyribonucleosides (deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxythymidine, or deoxycytidine; “DNA molecules”), or any phosphoester analogs thereof, such as phosphorothioates and thioesters. Polynucleotides can also contain one or more modified bases or DNA or RNA backbones modified for stability or for other reasons. “Modified” bases include, for example, tritylated bases and unusual bases such as inosine. A variety of modifications can be made to DNA and RNA; thus, “polynucleotide” embraces chemically, enzymatically, or metabolically modified forms. The term nucleic acid molecule refers only to the primary and secondary structure of the molecule, and does not limit it to any particular tertiary forms. Thus, this term includes double-stranded DNA found, inter alia, in linear or circular DNA molecules (e.g., restriction fragments), plasmids, and chromosomes. In discussing the structure of particular double-stranded DNA molecules, sequences can be described herein according to the normal convention of giving only the sequence in the 5′ to 3′ direction along the non-transcribed strand of DNA (i.e., the strand having a sequence homologous to the mRNA).

The terms “isolated” nucleic acid molecule refers to a nucleic acid molecule, DNA or RNA, which has been removed from its native environment. Further examples of isolated nucleic acid molecules include nucleic acid molecules comprising recombinant polynucleotides maintained in heterologous host cells or purified (partially or substantially) polynucleotides in solution. Isolated RNA molecules include in vivo or in vitro RNA transcripts of polynucleotides of the present invention. Isolated nucleic acid molecules according to the present invention further include such molecules produced synthetically. In addition, a nucleic acid molecule or polynucleotide can include a regulatory element such as a promoter, ribosome binding site, or a transcription terminator.

A “gene” refers to an assembly of nucleotides that encode a polypeptide, and includes cDNA and genomic DNA nucleic acids. “Gene” also refers to a nucleic acid fragment that expresses a specific protein, including intervening sequences (introns) between individual coding segments (exons), as well as regulatory sequences preceding (5′ non-coding sequences) and following (3′ non-coding sequences) the coding sequence. “Native gene” refers to a gene as found in nature with its own regulatory sequences.

The present invention is directed to isolated nucleic acid molecules comprising polynucleotide sequences at least 80% identical to the polynucleotide sequences of Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA1 (SEQ ID NO:1), Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA2 (SEQ ID NO:3), Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA3 (SEQ ID NO:5), Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA1 (SEQ ID NO:68 or SEQ ID NO:120), Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA2 (SEQ ID NO:70 or SEQ ID NO:121), Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA3 (SEQ ID NO:72 or SEQ ID NO:122), and combinations thereof, wherein the polynucleotides encode polypeptides comprising one or more PUFA synthase activities.

The PUFA synthase activities are associated with one or more domains in each synthase polypeptide, wherein the domains can be identified by their conserved structural or functional motifs based on their homology to known motifs and can also be identified based upon their specific biochemical activities. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,217,856, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Examples of PUFA synthase domains include: the beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase (KS) domain, malonyl-CoA:ACP acyltransferase (MAT) domain, acyl carrier protein (ACP) domains, ketoreductase (KR) domain, and beta-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydrase (DH) domain in Pfa1p; the KS domain, chain length factor (CLF) domain, acyltransferase (AT) domain, and enoyl-ACP reductase (ER) domain in Pfa2p; and the DH domains and the ER domain in Pfa3p.

A polypeptide or domain of a polypeptide having beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase (KS) biological activity (function) has been previously shown to be capable of carrying out the initial step of the fatty acid elongation reaction cycle. The term “beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase” has been used interchangeably with the terms “3-keto acyl-ACP synthase,” “beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase,” and “keto-acyl ACP synthase.” In other systems, it has been shown that the acyl group for elongation is linked to a cysteine residue at the active site of KS by a thioester bond, and the acyl-KS undergoes condensation with malonyl-ACP to form -ketoacyl-ACP, CO₂, and unbound (“free”) KS. In such systems, KS has been shown to possess greater substrate specificity than other polypeptides of the reaction cycle. Polypeptides (or domains of polypeptides) can be readily identified as belonging to the KS family by homology to known KS sequences.

A polypeptide or a domain of a polypeptide having malonyl-CoA:ACP acyltransferase (MAT) activity has been previously shown to be capable of transferring the malonyl moiety from malonyl-CoA to ACP. The term “malonyl-CoA:ACP acyltransferase” has been used interchangeably with “malonyl acyltransferase.” In addition to the active site motif (GxSxG), MATs have been shown to possess an extended motif (R and Q amino acids in key positions). Polypeptides (or domains of polypeptides) can be readily identified as belonging to the MAT family by their homology to known MAT sequences and by their extended motif structure.

A polypeptide or a domain of a polypeptide having acyl carrier protein (ACP) activity has been previously shown to be capable of functioning as a carrier for growing fatty acyl chains via a thioester linkage to a covalently bound co-factor. ACPs are typically about 80 to about 100 amino acids long and have been shown to be converted from inactive apo-forms to functional holo-forms by transfer of the phosphopantetheinyl moiety of CoA to a highly conserved serine residue of the ACP. It has also been shown that acyl groups are attached to ACPs by a thioester linkage at the free terminus of the phosphopantetheinyl moiety. The presence of variations of an active site motif (LGIDS*) has also been recognized as a signature of ACPs. The functionality of the active site serine (S*) has been demonstrated in a bacterial PUFA synthase (Jiang et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130:6336-7 (2008)). Polypeptides (or domains of polypeptides) can be readily identified as belonging to the ACP family by labeling with radioactive pantetheine and by sequence homology to known ACPs.

A polypeptide or a domain of a polypeptide having dehydrase or dehydratase (DH) activity has been previously shown to be capable of catalyzing a dehydration reaction. Reference to DH activity typically refers to FabA-like beta-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydrase biological activity. FabA-like beta-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydrase biological activity removes HOH from a beta-ketoacyl-ACP and initially produces a trans double bond in the carbon chain. The term “FabA-like beta-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydrase” has been used interchangeably with the terms “FabA-like beta-hydroxy acyl-ACP dehydrase,” “beta-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydrase,” and “dehydrase.” The DH domains of PUFA synthase systems have previously been demonstrated as showing homology to bacterial DH enzymes associated with FAS systems (rather than to the DH domains of other PKS systems). See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,217,856, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. A subset of bacterial DHs, the FabA-like DHs, possesses cis-trans isomerase activity (Heath et al., J. Biol. Chem., 271, 27795 (1996)). Based on homology to the FabA-like DH proteins, one or all of the PUFA synthase system DH domains can be responsible for insertion of cis double bonds in the PUFA synthase products. A polypeptide or domain can also have non-FabA-like DH activity, or non-FabA-like beta-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydrase (DH) activity. More specifically, a conserved active site motif of about 13 amino acids in length has been previously identified in PUFA synthase DH domains: LxxHxxxGxxxxP (the L position can also be an I in the motif). See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,217,856, and Donadio S, Katz L., Gene 111(1):51-60 (1992), each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. This conserved motif is found in a similar region of all known PUFA synthase sequences and could be responsible for a non-FabA like dehydration.

A polypeptide or a domain of a polypeptide having beta-ketoacyl-ACP reductase (KR) activity has been previously shown to be capable of catalyzing the pyridine-nucleotide-dependent reduction of 3-ketoacyl forms of ACP. The term “beta-ketoacyl-ACP reductase” has been used interchangeably with the terms “ketoreductase,” “3-ketoacyl-ACP reductase,” and “keto-acyl ACP reductase.” It has been determined in other systems that KR function involves the first reductive step in the de novo fatty acid biosynthesis elongation cycle. Polypeptides (or domains of polypeptides) can be readily identified as belonging to the KR family by sequence homology to known PUFA synthase KRs.

A polypeptide or a domain of a polypeptide having chain length factor (CLF) activity has been previously defined as having one or more of the following activities or characteristics: (1) it can determine the number of elongation cycles and hence chain length of the end product, (2) it has homology to KS, but lacks the KS active site cysteine, (3) it can heterodimerize with KS, (4) it can provide the initial acyl group to be elongated, or (5) it can decarboxylate malonate (as malonyl-ACP), thus forming an acetate group that can be transferred to the KS active site and that can act as the ‘priming’ molecule that undergoes the initial elongation (condensation) reaction. A CLF domain is found in all currently identified PUFA synthase systems and in each case is found as part of a multidomain protein. Polypeptides (or domains of polypeptides) can be readily identified as belonging to the CLF family by sequence homology to known PUFA synthase CLFs.

A polypeptide or a domain of a polypeptide having acyltransferase (AT) activity has been previously defined as having one or more of the following activities or characteristics: (1) it can transfer the fatty acyl group from the ACP domain(s) to water (i.e., a thioesterase), releasing the fatty acyl group as a free fatty acid, (2) it can transfer a fatty acyl group to an acceptor such as CoA, (3) it can transfer the acyl group among the various ACP domains, or (4) it can transfer the fatty acyl group to a lipophilic acceptor molecule (e.g. to lysophosphadic acid). Polypeptides (or domains of polypeptides) can be readily identified as belonging to the AT family by sequence homology to known PUFA synthase ATs.

A polypeptide or a domain of a polypeptide having enoyl-ACP reductase (ER) biological activity has been previously shown to be capable of reducing the trans-double bond (introduced by the DH activity) in the fatty acyl-ACP, resulting in saturation of the associated carbons. The ER domain in PUFA synthase systems has previously been shown to have homology to a family of ER enzymes (Heath et al., Nature 406: 145-146 (2000), incorporated by reference herein in its entirety), and an ER homolog has been shown to function as an enoyl-ACP reductase in vitro (Bumpus et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130: 11614-11616 (2008), incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). The term “enoyl-ACP reductase” has been used interchangeably with “enoyl reductase,” “enoyl ACP-reductase,” and “enoyl acyl-ACP reductase.” Polypeptides (or domains of polypeptides) can be readily identified as belonging to the ER family by sequence homology to known PUFA synthase ERs.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to nucleic acid molecules comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to a polynucleotide sequence within PFA1 (SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:68, or SEQ ID NO:120) that encodes one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to a polynucleotide sequence within PFA1 (SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:68, or SEQ ID NO:120) that encodes one or more PUFA synthase domains such as a KS domain (SEQ ID NO:7 or SEQ ID NO:74), a MAT domain (SEQ ID NO:9 or SEQ ID NO:76), an ACP domain (such as any one of SEQ ID NOs:13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, or 98), a combination of two or more ACP domains, such as two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten ACP domains, including tandem domains (SEQ ID NO:11 or SEQ ID NO:78, and portions thereof), a KR domain (SEQ ID NO:25 or SEQ ID NO:100), a DH domain (SEQ ID NO:27 or SEQ ID NO:118), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises two or more polynucleotide sequences, wherein each of the at least two or more polynucleotide sequences is 80% identical to a polynucleotide sequence within PFA1 (SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:68, or SEQ ID NO:120) that encodes one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the at least two or more polynucleotide sequences are 80% identical to the same polynucleotide sequence within SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:68, or SEQ ID NO:120 that encodes one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the at least two or more polynucleotide sequences are 80% identical to different polynucleotide sequences within SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:68, or SEQ ID NO:120 that each encode one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the at least two or more polynucleotide sequences are 80% identical to different polynucleotide sequences within SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:68, or SEQ ID NO:120, wherein the at least two or more polynucleotide sequences are located in the same order or a different order in the nucleic acid molecule as compared to the order of the corresponding sequences within SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:68, or SEQ ID NO:120. In some embodiments, each of the at least two or more polynucleotide sequences are 80% identical to a polynucleotide sequence within PFA1 (SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:68, or SEQ ID NO:120) that encodes one or more PUFA synthase domains such as a KS domain (SEQ ID NO:7 or SEQ ID NO:74), a MAT domain (SEQ ID NO:9 or SEQ ID NO:76), an ACP domain (such as any one of SEQ ID NOs:13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, or 98), a combination of two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten ACP domains, including tandem domains (SEQ ID NO:11 or SEQ ID NO:78, and portions thereof), a KR domain (SEQ ID NO:25 or SEQ ID NO:100), a DH domain (SEQ ID NO:27 or SEQ ID NO:118), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises one or more polynucleotide sequences within PFA1 (SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:68, or SEQ ID NO:120) that encodes one or more PUFA synthase domains, including one or more copies of any individual domain in combination with one or more copies of any other individual domain.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to nucleic acid molecules comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to a polynucleotide sequence within PFA2 (SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:70, or SEQ ID NO:121) that encodes one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to the polynucleotide sequence within PFA2 (SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:70, or SEQ ID NO:121) that encodes one or more PUFA synthase domains such as a KS domain (SEQ ID NO:29 or SEQ ID NO:102), a CLF domain (SEQ ID NO:31 or SEQ ID NO:104), an AT domain (SEQ ID NO:33 or SEQ ID NO:106), an ER domain (SEQ ID NO:35 or SEQ ID NO:108), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises two or more polynucleotide sequences, wherein each of the at least two or more polynucleotide sequences is 80% identical to a polynucleotide sequence within PFA2 (SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:70, or SEQ ID NO:121) that encodes one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the at least two or more polynucleotide sequences are 80% identical to the same polynucleotide sequence within SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:70, or SEQ ID NO:121 that encodes one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the at least two or more polynucleotide sequences are 80% identical to different polynucleotide sequences within SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:70, or SEQ ID NO:121 that each encode one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the at least two or more polynucleotide sequences are 80% identical to different polynucleotide sequences within SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:70, or SEQ ID NO:121, wherein the at least two or more polynucleotide sequences are located in the same order or a different order in the nucleic acid molecule as compared to the order of the corresponding sequences within SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:70, or SEQ ID NO:121. In some embodiments, each of the at least two or more polynucleotide sequences are 80% identical to a polynucleotide sequence within PFA2 (SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:70, or SEQ ID NO:121) that encodes one or more PUFA synthase domains such as a KS domain (SEQ ID NO:29 or SEQ ID NO:102), a CLF domain (SEQ ID NO:31 or SEQ ID NO:104), an AT domain (SEQ ID NO:33 or SEQ ID NO:106), an ER domain (SEQ ID NO:35 or SEQ ID NO:108), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises one or more polynucleotide sequences within PFA2 (SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:70, or SEQ ID NO:121) that encodes one or more PUFA synthase domains, including one or more copies of any individual domain in combination with one or more copies of any other individual domain.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to nucleic acid molecules comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to a polynucleotide sequence within PFA3 (SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:72, or SEQ ID NO:122) that encodes one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to a polynucleotide sequence within PFA3 (SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:72, or SEQ ID NO:122) that encodes one or more PUFA synthase domains such as a DH domain (such as SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:110, or SEQ ID NO:112), an ER domain (SEQ ID NO:41 or SEQ ID NO:114), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises two or more polynucleotide sequences, wherein each of the at least two or more polynucleotide sequences is 80% identical to a polynucleotide sequence within PFA3 (SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:72, or SEQ ID NO:122) that encodes one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the at least two or more polynucleotide sequences are 80% identical to the same polynucleotide sequence within SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:72, or SEQ ID NO:122 that encodes one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the at least two or more polynucleotide sequences are 80% identical to different polynucleotide sequences within SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:72, or SEQ ID NO:122 that each encode one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the at least two or more polynucleotide sequences are 80% identical to different polynucleotide sequences within SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:72, or SEQ ID NO:122, wherein the at least two or more polynucleotide sequences are located in the same order or a different order in the nucleic acid molecule as compared to the order of the corresponding sequences within SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:72, or SEQ ID NO:122. In some embodiments, each of the at least two or more polynucleotide sequences is 80% identical to a polynucleotide sequence within PFA3 (SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:72, or SEQ ID NO:122) that encodes one or more PUFA synthase domains such as a DH domain (such as SEQ ID NO:37, SEQ ID NO:39, SEQ ID NO:110, or SEQ ID NO:112), an ER domain (SEQ ID NO:41 or SEQ ID NO:114), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises one or more polynucleotide sequences within PFA3 (SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:72, or SEQ ID NO:122) that encodes one or more PUFA synthase domains, including one or more copies of any individual domain in combination with one or more copies of any other individual domain.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:68, or SEQ ID NO:120, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising PUFA synthase activity selected from the group consisting of KS activity, MAT activity, ACP activity, KR activity, DH activity, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:7 or SEQ ID NO:74, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising KS activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:9 or SEQ ID NO:76, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising MAT activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs:13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, or 98, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising ACP activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:11 or SEQ ID NO:78, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising ACP activity.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to a polynucleotide sequence within SEQ ID NO:11 that encodes one, two, three, four, five, or six ACP domains, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising ACP activity associated with one or more ACP domains. SEQ ID NOs:13, 15, 17, 19, 21, and 23 are representative polynucleotides sequence that each encode a single ACP domain within SEQ ID NO:11.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to a polynucleotide sequence within SEQ ID NO:78 that encodes one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten ACP domains, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising ACP activity associated with one or more ACP domains. SEQ ID NOs:80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, and 98 are representative polynucleotides sequence that each encode a single ACP domain within SEQ ID NO:78.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:25 or SEQ ID NO:100, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising KR activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:27 or SEQ ID NO:118, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising DH activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:70, or SEQ ID NO:121, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising PUFA synthase activity selected from the group consisting of KS activity, CLF activity, AT activity, ER activity, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:29 or SEQ ID NO:102, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising KS activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:31 or SEQ ID NO:104, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising CLF activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:33 or SEQ ID NO:106, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising AT activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:35 or SEQ ID NO:108, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising ER activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:72, or SEQ ID NO:122, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising PUFA synthase activity selected from the group consisting of DH activity, ER activity, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:37, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising DH activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:39, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising DH activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:110, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising DH activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:112, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising DH activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:41 or SEQ ID NO:114, wherein the polynucleotide sequence encodes a polypeptide comprising ER activity.

The present invention is directed to isolated nucleic acid molecules comprising polynucleotide sequences encoding polypeptides, wherein the polypeptides comprise amino acid sequences that are at least 80% identical to the amino acid sequences of Pfa1p (SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:69), Pfa2p (SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:71), or Pfa3p (SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:73), wherein the polynucleotides encode polypeptides comprising one or more PUFA synthase activities.

The present invention is directed to nucleic acid molecules comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to the amino acid sequences of one or more PUFA synthase domains of the PUFA synthases of the invention.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to nucleic acid molecules comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within Pfa1p (SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:69) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within Pfa1p (SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:69) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains such as a KS domain (SEQ ID NO:8 or SEQ ID NO:75), a MAT domain (SEQ ID NO:10 or SEQ ID NO:77), an ACP domain (such as any one of SEQ ID NOs:14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, or 99), a combination of two or more ACP domains, such as two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten ACP domains, including tandem domains (SEQ ID NO:12 or SEQ ID NO:79, and portions thereof), a KR domain (SEQ ID NO:26 or SEQ ID NO:101), a DH domain (SEQ ID NO:28 or SEQ ID NO:119), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises two or more amino acid sequences, wherein each of the at least two or more amino acid sequences is 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within Pfa1p (SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:69) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the at least two or more amino acid sequences are 80% identical to the same amino acid sequence within Pfa1p (SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:69) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the at least two or more amino acid sequences are 80% identical to different amino acid sequences within Pfa1p (SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO: 69) that each comprise one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the at least two or more amino acid sequences are 80% identical to different amino acid sequences within Pfa1p (SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:69), wherein the at least two or more amino acid sequences are located in the same order or a different order in the polypeptide as compared to the order of the corresponding domains within Pfa1p (SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:69). In some embodiments, the at least two or more amino acid sequences are 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within Pfa1p (SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:69) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains such as a KS domain (SEQ ID NO:8 or SEQ ID NO:75), a MAT domain (SEQ ID NO:10 or SEQ ID NO: 77), an ACP domain (such as any one of SEQ ID NOs:14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, or 99), a combination of two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten ACP domains, including tandem domains (SEQ ID NO:12 or SEQ ID NO: 79, and portions thereof), a KR domain (SEQ ID NO:26 or SEQ ID NO:101), a DH domain (SEQ ID NO:28 or SEQ ID NO:119), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises one or more amino acid sequences within Pfa1p (SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:69) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains, including one or more copies of any individual domain in combination with one or more copies of any other individual domain.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to nucleic acid molecules comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within Pfa2p (SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:71) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within Pfa2p (SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:71) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains such as a KS domain (SEQ ID NO:30 or SEQ ID NO:103), a CLF domain (SEQ ID NO:32 or SEQ ID NO:105), an AT domain (SEQ ID NO:34 or SEQ ID NO:107), an ER domain (SEQ ID NO:36 or SEQ ID NO:109), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises two or more amino acid sequences, wherein each of the at least two or more amino acid sequences is 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within Pfa2p (SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:71) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the at least two or more amino acid sequences are 80% identical to the same amino acid sequence within Pfa2p (SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:71). In some embodiments, the at least two or more amino acid sequences are 80% identical to different amino acid sequences within Pfa2p (SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:71) that each comprise one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the at least two or more amino acid sequences are 80% identical to different amino acid sequences within Pfa2p (SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:71), wherein the at least two or more amino acid sequences are located in the same order or a different order in the polypeptide as compared to the order of the corresponding domains within Pfa2p (SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:71). In some embodiments, the at least two or more amino acid sequences are 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within Pfa2p (SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:71) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains such as a KS domain (SEQ ID NO:30 or SEQ ID NO:103), a CLF domain (SEQ ID NO:32 or SEQ ID NO:105), an AT domain (SEQ ID NO:34 or SEQ ID NO:107), an ER domain (SEQ ID NO:36 or SEQ ID NO:109), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises one or more amino acid sequences within Pfa2p (SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:71) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains, including one or more copies of any individual domain in combination with one or more copies of any other individual domain.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to nucleic acid molecules comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within Pfa3p (SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:73) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within Pfa3p (SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:73) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains such as a DH domain (such as SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:111, or SEQ ID NO:113), an ER domain (SEQ ID NO:42 or SEQ ID NO:115), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises two or more amino acid sequences, wherein each of the at least two or more amino acid sequences is 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within Pfa3p (SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:73) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the at least two or more amino acid sequences are 80% identical to the same amino acid sequence within Pfa3p (SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:73) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the at least two or more amino acid sequences are 80% identical to different amino acid sequences within Pfa3p (SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:73) that each comprise one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the at least two or more amino acid sequences are 80% identical to different amino acid sequences within Pfa3p (SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:73), wherein the at least two or more amino acid sequences are located in the same order or a different order in the polypeptide as compared to the order of the corresponding domains within Pfa3p (SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:73). In some embodiments, the at least two or more amino acid sequences are 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within Pfa3p (SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:73) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains such as a DH domain (such as SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:111, or SEQ ID NO:113), an ER domain (SEQ ID NO:42 or SEQ ID NO:115), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises one or more amino acid sequences within Pfa3p (SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:73) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains, including one or more copies of any individual domain in combination with one or more copies of any other individual domain.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:69, and wherein the polypeptide comprises a PUFA synthase activity selected from the group consisting of KS activity, MAT activity, ACP activity, KR activity, DH activity, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:8 or SEQ ID NO:75, and wherein the polypeptide comprises KS activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:10 or SEQ ID NO:77, and wherein the polypeptide comprises MAT activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs:14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, or 99, and wherein the polypeptide comprises ACP activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:12 or SEQ ID NO:79, and wherein the polypeptide comprises ACP activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to nucleic acid molecules comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within SEQ ID NO:12, wherein the polypeptide comprises ACP activity. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence is at least 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within SEQ ID NO:12 comprising one, two, three, four, five, or six ACP domains, wherein the polypeptide comprises ACP activity associated with one or more ACP domains. SEQ ID NOs:14, 16, 18, 20, 22 and 24 are representative amino acid sequences, each comprising a single ACP domain within SEQ ID NO: 12.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to nucleic acid molecules comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within SEQ ID NO:79, wherein the polypeptide comprises ACP activity. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence is at least 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within SEQ ID NO:79 comprising one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten ACP domains, wherein the polypeptide comprises ACP activity associated with one or more ACP domains. SEQ ID NOs:81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, and 99 are representative amino acid sequences, each comprising a single ACP domain within SEQ ID NO:79.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:26 or SEQ ID NO:101, and wherein the polypeptide comprises KR activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:28 or SEQ ID NO:119, and wherein the polypeptide comprises DH activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to nucleic acid molecules comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:71, wherein the polypeptide comprises a PUFA synthase activity selected from the group consisting of KS activity, CLF activity, AT activity, ER activity, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:30 or SEQ ID NO:103, and wherein the polypeptide comprises KS activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:32 or SEQ ID NO:105, and wherein the polypeptide comprises CLF activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:34 or SEQ ID NO:107, and wherein the polypeptide comprises AT activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:36 or SEQ ID NO:109, and wherein the polypeptide comprises ER activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:73, wherein the polypeptide comprises a PUFA synthase activity selected from the group consisting of DH activity, ER activity, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:38, and wherein the polypeptide comprises DH activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:40, and wherein the polypeptide comprises DH activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:111, and wherein the polypeptide comprises DH activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:113, and wherein the polypeptide comprises DH activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:42 or SEQ ID NO:115, and wherein the polypeptide comprises ER activity.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecules comprise polynucleotide sequences at least about 80%, 85%, or 90% identical to the polynucleotide sequences reported herein, or at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the polynucleotide sequences reported herein. The term “percent identity,” as known in the art, is a relationship between two or more amino acid sequences or two or more polynucleotide sequences, as determined by comparing the sequences. In the art, “identity” also means the degree of sequence relatedness between amino acid or polynucleotide sequences, as the case may be, as determined by the match between strings of such sequences.

By a nucleic acid molecule having a polynucleotide sequence at least, for example, 95% “identical” to a reference polynucleotide sequence of the present invention, it is intended that the polynucleotide sequence of the nucleic acid molecule is identical to the reference sequence except that the polynucleotide sequence can include up to five nucleotide differences per each 100 nucleotides of the reference polynucleotide sequence. In other words, to obtain a nucleic acid molecule having a polynucleotide sequence at least 95% identical to a reference polynucleotide sequence, up to 5% of the nucleotides in the reference sequence can be deleted or substituted with another nucleotide, or a number of nucleotides up to 5% of the total nucleotides in the reference sequence can be inserted into the reference sequence.

As a practical matter, whether any particular polynucleotide sequence or amino acid sequence is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a polynucleotide sequence or amino acid sequence of the present invention can be determined conventionally using known computer programs. A method for determining the best overall match between a query sequence (a sequence of the present invention) and a subject sequence can be determined using the alignment of sequences and calculation of identity scores. The alignments were done using the computer program AlignX, which is a component of the Vector NTI Suite 10.0 package from Invitrogen (www.invitrogen.com). The alignments were performed using a ClustalW alignment (Thompson, J. D., et al. Nucl. Acids Res. 22: 4673-4680 (1994)) for both amino acid and polynucleotide sequence alignments. The default scoring matrices Blosum62mt2 and swgapdnamt were used for amino acid and polynucleotide sequence alignments, respectively. For amino acid sequences, the default gap opening penalty is 10 and the gap extension penalty 0.1. For polynucleotide sequences, the default gap opening penalty is 15 and the gap extension penalty is 6.66.

The present invention is directed to an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide comprising PUFA synthase activity selected from the group consisting of KS activity, MAT activity, ACP activity, KR activity, CLF activity, AT activity, ER activity, DH activity, and combinations thereof, wherein the polynucleotide hybridizes under stringent conditions to the complement of any of the polynucleotide sequences described above.

A nucleic acid molecule is “hybridizable” to another nucleic acid molecule, such as a cDNA, genomic DNA, or RNA, when a single stranded form of the nucleic acid molecule can anneal to the other nucleic acid molecule under the appropriate conditions of temperature and solution ionic strength. Hybridization and washing conditions are well known and exemplified. See, e.g., Sambrook J. and Russell D. 2001. Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual, 3rd edition. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. The conditions of temperature and ionic strength determine the “stringency” of the hybridization. Stringency conditions can be adjusted to screen for moderately similar fragments, such as homologous sequences from distantly related organisms, to highly similar fragments, such as genes that duplicate functional enzymes from closely related organisms. Post-hybridization washes determine stringency conditions. One set of conditions uses a series of washes starting with 6×SSC, 0.5% SDS at room temperature for 15 min, then repeated with 2×SSC, 0.5% SDS at 45° C. for 30 min, and then repeated twice with 0.2×SSC, 0.5% SDS at 50° C. for 30 min. For more stringent conditions, washes are performed at higher temperatures in which the washes are identical to those above except for the temperature of the final two 30 min washes in 0.2×SSC, 0.5% SDS are increased to 60° C. Another set of highly stringent conditions uses two final washes in 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C. An additional set of highly stringent conditions are defined by hybridization at 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS, 65° C. and washed with 2×SSC, 0.1% SDS followed by 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS.

The present invention is directed to an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence that is fully complementary to any of the polynucleotide sequences described above. The term “complementary” is used to describe the relationship between nucleotide bases that are capable to hybridizing to one another. For example, with respect to DNA, adenosine is complementary to thymine and cytosine is complementary to guanine.

In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide or nucleic acid is DNA. In the case of DNA, a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence which encodes a polypeptide can normally include a promoter and/or other transcription or translation control elements operably associated with one or more coding regions. An operable association is when a coding region for a gene product, e.g., a polypeptide, is associated with one or more regulatory sequences in such a way as to place expression of the gene product under the influence or control of the regulatory sequence(s). Two DNA fragments (such as a polypeptide coding region and a promoter associated therewith) are “operably associated” if induction of promoter function results in the transcription of mRNA encoding the desired gene product and if the nature of the linkage between the two DNA fragments does not interfere with the ability of the expression regulatory sequences to direct the expression of the gene product or interfere with the ability of the DNA template to be transcribed. Thus, a promoter region would be operably associated with a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide if the promoter was capable of effecting transcription of that polynucelotide sequence. The promoter can be a cell-specific promoter that directs substantial transcription of the DNA only in predetermined cells. In general, a coding region is located 3′ to a promoter. Promoters can be derived in their entirety from a native gene, or be composed of different elements derived from different promoters found in nature, or even comprise synthetic DNA segments. It is understood by those skilled in the art that different promoters can direct the expression of a gene in different tissues or cell types, or at different stages of development, or in response to different environmental or physiological conditions. Promoters which cause a gene to be expressed in most cell types at most times are commonly referred to as “constitutive promoters.” It is further recognized that since in most cases the exact boundaries of regulatory sequences have not been completely defined, DNA fragments of different lengths can have identical promoter activity. A promoter is generally bounded at its 3′ terminus by the transcription initiation site and extends upstream (5′ direction) to include the minimum number of bases or elements necessary to initiate transcription at levels detectable above background. Within the promoter will be found a transcription initiation site (conveniently defined for example, by mapping with nuclease S1), as well as protein binding domains (consensus sequences) responsible for the binding of RNA polymerase.

Suitable regulatory regions include nucleic acid regions located upstream (5′ non-coding sequences), within, or downstream (3′ non-coding sequences) of a coding region, and which influence the transcription, RNA processing or stability, or translation of the associated coding region. Regulatory regions can include promoters, translation leader sequences, RNA processing sites, effector binding sites, and stem-loop structures. Other transcription control elements, besides a promoter, for example enhancers, operators, repressors, and transcription termination signals, can be operably associated with the polynucleotide to direct cell-specific transcription. The boundaries of the coding region are determined by a start codon at the 5′ (amino) terminus and a translation stop codon at the 3′ (carboxyl) terminus. A coding region can include, but is not limited to, prokaryotic regions, cDNA from mRNA, genomic DNA molecules, synthetic DNA molecules, or RNA molecules. If the coding region is intended for expression in a eukaryotic cell, a polyadenylation signal and transcription termination sequence will usually be located 3′ to the coding region.

In certain aspects of the invention, polynucleotide sequences having at least 20 bases, at least 30 bases, or at least 50 bases and that hybridize to a polynucleotide sequence of the present invention can be employed as PCR primers. Typically, in PCR-type amplification techniques, the primers have different sequences and are not complementary to each other. Depending on the desired test conditions, the sequences of the primers should be designed to provide for both efficient and faithful replication of the target nucleic acid. Methods of PCR primer design are common and well known in the art. Generally two short segments of the instant sequences can be used in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocols to amplify longer nucleic acid fragments encoding homologous genes from DNA or RNA. The polymerase chain reaction can also be performed on a library of cloned nucleic acid fragments wherein the sequence of one primer is derived from the instant nucleic acid fragments, and the sequence of the other primer takes advantage of the presence of the polyadenylic acid tracts to the 3′ end of the mRNA precursor encoding microbial genes. Alternatively, the second primer sequence can be based upon sequences derived from the cloning vector.

In addition, specific primers can be designed and used to amplify a part of or full-length of the instant sequences. The resulting amplification products can be labeled directly during amplification reactions or labeled after amplification reactions, and used as probes to isolate full length DNA fragments under conditions of appropriate stringency.

Therefore, the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention can be used to isolate genes encoding homologous proteins from the same or other species or bacterial species. Isolation of homologous genes using sequence-dependent protocols is well known in the art. Examples of sequence-dependent protocols include, but are not limited to, methods of nucleic acid hybridization, and methods of DNA and RNA amplification as exemplified by various uses of nucleic acid amplification technologies (e.g., polymerase chain reaction, Mullis et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202; ligase chain reaction (LCR) (Tabor, S. et al., Proc. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 1074 (1985)); or strand displacement amplification (SDA; Walker, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89: 392 (1992)).

In some embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecules of the present invention are used to isolate homologous nucleic acid molecules from other organisms in order to identify PUFA synthases that produce similar or improved PUFA profiles. In some embodiments, the isolated nucleic acid molecules of the present invention are used to isolate homologous nucleic acid molecules from other organisms that are involved in producing high amounts of DHA.

The nucleic acid molecules of the present invention also comprise polynucleotide sequences encoding a PUFA synthase gene, a domain of a PUFA synthase gene, or a fragment of the PUFA synthase gene fused in frame to a marker sequence which allows for detection of the polypeptide of the present invention. Marker sequences include auxotrophic or dominant markers known to one of ordinary skill in the art such as ZEO (zeocin), NEO (G418), hygromycin, arsenite, HPH, NAT, and the like.

The present invention also encompasses variants of the PUFA synthase gene. Variants can contain alterations in the coding regions, non-coding regions, or both. Examples are polynucleotide sequence variants containing alterations which produce silent substitutions, additions, or deletions, but do not alter the properties or activities of the encoded polypeptide. In certain embodiments, polynucleotide sequence variants are produced by silent substitutions due to the degeneracy of the genetic code. In further embodiments, polynucleotide sequence variants can be produced for a variety of reasons, e.g., to optimize codon expression for a particular host (e.g., changing codons in the thraustochytrid mRNA to those preferred by other organisms such as E. coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae).

Also provided in the present invention are allelic variants, orthologs, and/or species homologs. Procedures known in the art can be used to obtain full-length genes, allelic variants, splice variants, full-length coding portions, orthologs, and/or species homologs of the genes described herein using information from the sequences disclosed herein. For example, allelic variants and/or species homologs can be isolated and identified by making suitable probes or primers from the sequences provided herein and screening a suitable nucleic acid source for allelic variants and/or the desired homologue.

The present invention is directed to a recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising any of the nucleic acid molecules described above or combinations thereof and a transcription control sequence. In some embodiments, the recombinant nucleic acid molecule is a recombinant vector.

The present invention is directed to a method for making a recombinant vector comprising inserting one or more isolated nucleic acid molecules as described herein into a vector.

The vectors of this invention can be, for example, a cloning vector or an expression vector. The vector can be, for example, in the form of a plasmid, a viral particle, a phage, etc.

The polynucleotide sequences of the invention can be included in any one of a variety of expression vectors for expressing a polypeptide. Such vectors include chromosomal, nonchromosomal, and synthetic DNA or RNA sequences, e.g., derivatives of SV40; bacterial plasmids; and yeast plasmids. However, any other appropriate vector known to one of ordinary skill in the art can be used.

The appropriate DNA sequence can be inserted into the vector by a variety of procedures. In general, the DNA sequence is inserted into an appropriate restriction endonuclease site(s) by procedures known in the art. Such procedures and others are deemed to be within the scope of those skilled in the art.

The present invention also includes recombinant constructs comprising one or more of the polynucleotide sequences described above. The constructs comprise a vector, such as a plasmid or viral vector, into which one or more sequences of the invention has been inserted, in a forward or reverse orientation. In one aspect of this embodiment, the construct further comprises regulatory sequences, including, for example, a promoter, operably associated to the sequence. Large numbers of suitable vectors and promoters are known to those of skill in the art, and are commercially available.

Polypeptides

The present invention is directed to isolated polypeptides comprising amino acid sequences for PUFA synthase proteins and domains derived from the isolated microorganisms deposited as ATCC Accession Nos. PTA-9695 and PTA-10212.

As used herein, the term “polypeptide” is intended to encompass a singular “polypeptide” as well as plural “polypeptides” and refers to a molecule composed of monomers (amino acids) linearly linked by amide bonds (also known as peptide bonds). The term “polypeptide” refers to any chain or chains of two or more amino acids and does not refer to a specific length of the product. Thus, peptides, dipeptides, tripeptides, oligopeptides, “protein,” “amino acid chain,” or any other term used to refer to a chain or chains of two or more amino acids are included within the definition of “polypeptide,” and the term “polypeptide” can be used instead of or interchangeably with any of these terms. The term “polypeptide” is also intended to refer to the products of post-expression modifications of the polypeptide, including without limitation glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization by known protecting/blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, or modification by non-naturally occurring amino acids.

Polypeptides as described herein can include fragment, variant, or derivative molecules thereof without limitation. The terms “fragment,” “variant,” “derivative” and “analog” when referring to a polypeptide include any polypeptide which retains at least some biological activity. Polypeptide fragments can include proteolytic fragments, deletion fragments, and fragments which more easily reach the site of action when delivered to an animal. Polypeptide fragments further include any portion of the polypeptide which comprises an antigenic or immunogenic epitope of the native polypeptide, including linear as well as three-dimensional epitopes. Polypeptide fragments can comprise variant regions, including fragments as described above, and also polypeptides with altered amino acid sequences due to amino acid substitutions, deletions, or insertions. Variants can occur naturally, such as an allelic variant. By an “allelic variant” is intended alternate forms of a gene occupying a given locus on a chromosome of an organism. Non-naturally occurring variants can be produced using art-known mutagenesis techniques. Polypeptide fragments of the invention can comprise conservative or non-conservative amino acid substitutions, deletions, or additions. Variant polypeptides can also be referred to herein as “polypeptide analogs.” Polypeptide fragments of the present invention can also include derivative molecules. As used herein a “derivative” of a polypeptide or a polypeptide fragment refers to a subject polypeptide having one or more residues chemically derivatized by reaction of a functional side group. Also included as “derivatives” are those peptides which contain one or more naturally occurring amino acid derivatives of the twenty standard amino acids. For example, 4-hydroxyproline can be substituted for proline; 5-hydroxylysine can be substituted for lysine; 3-methylhistidine can be substituted for histidine; homoserine can be substituted for serine; and ornithine can be substituted for lysine.

Polypeptides of the invention can be encoded by any of the nucleic acid molecules of the invention.

The present invention is directed to isolated polypeptides comprising amino acid sequences that are at least 80% identical to the amino acid sequences of Pfa1p (SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:69), Pfa2p (SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:71), Pfa3p (SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:73), and combinations thereof, wherein the polypeptides comprise one or more PUFA synthase activities.

The present invention is directed to polypeptides comprising amino acid sequences that are at least 80% identical to the amino acid sequences of one or more PUFA synthase domains of the PUFA synthases of the invention.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to polypeptides comprising amino acid sequences that are at least 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within Pfa1p (SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:69) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within Pfa1p (SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:69) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains such as a KS domain (SEQ ID NO:8 or SEQ ID NO:75), a MAT domain (SEQ ID NO:10 or SEQ ID NO:77), an ACP domain (such as any one of SEQ ID NOs:14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, or 99), a combination of two or more ACP domains such as two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten ACP domains, including tandem domains (SEQ ID NO:12 or SEQ ID NO:79, and portions thereof), a KR domain (SEQ ID NO:26 or SEQ ID NO:101), a DH domain (SEQ ID NO:28 or SEQ ID NO:119), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises two or more amino acid sequences, wherein each of the at least two or more amino acid sequences is 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within Pfa1p (SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:69) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the at least two or more amino acid sequences are 80% identical to the same amino acid sequence within Pfa1p (SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:69) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the at least two or more amino acid sequences are 80% identical to different amino acid sequences within Pfa1p (SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:69) that each comprise one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the at least two or more amino acid sequences are 80% identical to different amino acid sequences within Pfa1p (SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:69), wherein the at least two or more amino acid sequences are located in the same order or a different order in the polypeptide as compared to the order of the corresponding domains within Pfa1p (SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:69). In some embodiments, the at least two or more amino acid sequences are 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within Pfa1p (SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:69) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains such as a KS domain (SEQ ID NO:8 or SEQ ID NO:75), a MAT domain (SEQ ID NO:10 or SEQ ID NO:77), an ACP domain (such as any one of SEQ ID NOs:14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, or 99), a combination of two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten ACP domains, including tandem domains (SEQ ID NO:12 or SEQ ID NO:79, and portions thereof), a KR domain (SEQ ID NO:26 or SEQ ID NO:101), a DH domain (SEQ ID NO:28 or SEQ ID NO:119), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises one or more amino acid sequences within Pfa1p (SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:69) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains, including one or more copies of any individual domain in combination with one or more copies of any other individual domain.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to polypeptides comprising amino acid sequences that are at least 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within Pfa2p (SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:71) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within Pfa2p (SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:71) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains such as a KS domain (SEQ ID NO:30 or SEQ ID NO:103), a CLF domain (SEQ ID NO:32 or SEQ ID NO:105), an AT domain (SEQ ID NO:34 or SEQ ID NO:107), an ER domain (SEQ ID NO:36 or SEQ ID NO:109), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises two or more amino acid sequences, wherein each of the at least two or more amino acid sequences is 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within Pfa2p (SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:71) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the at least two or more amino acid sequences are 80% identical to the same amino acid sequence within Pfa2p (SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:71). In some embodiments, the at least two or more amino acid sequences are 80% identical to different amino acid sequences within Pfa2p (SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:71) that each comprise one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the at least two or more amino acid sequences are 80% identical to different amino acid sequences within Pfa2p (SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:71), wherein the at least two or more amino acid sequences are located in the same order or a different order in the polypeptide as compared to the order of the corresponding domains within Pfa2p (SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:71). In some embodiments, the at least two or more amino acid sequences are 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within Pfa2p (SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:71) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains such as a KS domain (SEQ ID NO:30 or SEQ ID NO:103), a CLF domain (SEQ ID NO:32 or SEQ ID NO:105), an AT domain (SEQ ID NO:24 or SEQ ID NO:107), an ER domain (SEQ ID NO:36 or SEQ ID NO:109), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises one or more amino acid sequences sequence within Pfa2p (SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:71) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains, including one or more copies of any individual domain in combination with one or more copies of any other individual domain.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to polypeptides comprising amino acid sequences that are at least 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within Pfa3p (SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:73) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within Pfa3p (SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:73) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains such as a DH domain (such as SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:111, or SEQ ID NO:113), an ER domain (SEQ ID NO:42 or SEQ ID NO:115), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises two or more amino acid sequences, wherein each of the at least two or more amino acid sequences is 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within Pfa3p (SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:73) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the at least two or more amino acid sequences are 80% identical to the same amino acid sequence within Pfa3p (SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:73) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the at least two or more amino acid sequences are 80% identical to different amino acid sequences within Pfa3p (SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:73) that each comprise one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the at least two or more amino acid sequences are 80% identical to different amino acid sequences within Pfa3p (SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:73), wherein the at least two or more amino acid sequences are located in the same order or a different order in the polypeptide as compared to the order of the corresponding domains within Pfa3p (SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:73). In some embodiments, the at least two or more amino acid sequences are 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within Pfa3p (SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:73) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains such as a DH domain (such as SEQ ID NO:38, SEQ ID NO:40, SEQ ID NO:111, or SEQ ID NO:113), an ER domain (SEQ ID NO:42 or SEQ ID NO:115), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the polypeptide comprises one or more amino acid sequences within Pfa3p (SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:73) comprising one or more PUFA synthase domains, including one or more copies of any individual domain in combination with one or more copies of any other individual domain.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:69, wherein the polypeptide comprises a PUFA synthase activity selected from the group consisting of KS activity, MAT activity, ACP activity, KR activity, DH activity, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:8 or SEQ ID NO:75, wherein the polypeptide comprises KS activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:10 or SEQ ID NO:77, wherein the polypeptide comprises MAT activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to such as any one of SEQ ID NOs:14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, or 99, wherein the polypeptide comprises ACP activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:12 or SEQ ID NO:79, wherein the polypeptide comprises ACP activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within SEQ ID NO:12, wherein the polypeptide comprises ACP activity. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence is at least 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within SEQ ID NO:12 comprising one, two, three, four, five, or six ACP domains, wherein the polypeptide comprises ACP activity associated with one or more ACP domains. SEQ ID NOs:14, 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24 are representative amino acid sequences comprising a single ACP domain within SEQ ID NO: 12.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within SEQ ID NO:79, wherein the polypeptide comprises ACP activity. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence is at least 80% identical to an amino acid sequence within SEQ ID NO:79 comprising one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten ACP domains, wherein the polypeptide comprises ACP activity associated with one or more ACP domains. SEQ ID NOs:81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, and 99 are representative amino acid sequences comprising a single ACP domain within SEQ ID NO:79.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:26 or SEQ ID NO:101, wherein the polypeptide comprises KR activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:28 or SEQ ID NO:119, wherein the polypeptide comprises DH activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:4 or SEQ ID NO:71, wherein the polypeptide comprises a PUFA synthase activity selected from the group consisting of KS activity, CLF activity, AT activity, ER activity, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:30 or SEQ ID NO:103, wherein the polypeptide comprises KS activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:32 or SEQ ID NO:105, wherein the polypeptide comprises CLF activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:34 or SEQ ID NO:107, wherein the polypeptide comprises AT activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:36 or SEQ ID NO:109, wherein the polypeptide comprises ER activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:73, wherein the polypeptide comprises a PUFA synthase activity selected from the group consisting of DH activity, ER activity, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:38, wherein the polypeptide comprises DH activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:40, wherein the polypeptide comprises DH activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:111, wherein the polypeptide comprises DH activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:113, wherein the polypeptide comprises DH activity.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence at least 80% identical to SEQ ID NO:42 or SEQ ID NO:115, wherein the polypeptide comprises ER activity.

In some embodiments, the polypeptides comprise amino acid sequences at least about 80%, 85%, or 90% identical to the amino acid sequences reported herein, or at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequences reported herein.

By a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least, for example, 95% “identical” to a query amino acid sequence of the present invention, it is intended that the amino acid sequence of the subject polypeptide is identical to the query sequence except that the subject polypeptide sequence can include up to five amino acid alterations per each 100 amino acids of the query amino acid sequence. In other words, to obtain a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to a query amino acid sequence, up to 5% of the amino acid residues in the subject sequence can be inserted, deleted, (indels) or substituted with another amino acid. These alterations of the reference sequence can occur at the amino or carboxy terminal positions of the reference amino acid sequence or anywhere between those terminal positions, interspersed either individually among residues in the reference sequence or in one or more contiguous groups within the reference sequence.

As a practical matter, whether any particular polypeptide having an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to, for instance, the amino acid sequence of the present invention can be determined conventionally using known computer programs. As discussed above, a method for determining the best overall match between a query sequence (a sequence of the present invention) and a subject sequence can be determined using the alignment of sequences and calculation of identity scores. The alignments were done using the computer program AlignX, which is a component of the Vector NTI Suite 10.0 package from Invitrogen (www.invitrogen.com). The alignments were performed using a ClustalW alignment (J. Thompson et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 22(22):4673-4680 (1994). The default scoring matrix Blosum62mt2 was used. The default gap opening penalty is 10 and the gap extension penalty 0.1.

In further aspects of the invention, nucleic acid molecules having polynucleotide sequences at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to the polynucleotide sequences disclosed herein, encode a polypeptide having one or more PUFA synthase activities. Polypeptides having one or more PUFA synthase activities exhibit one or more activities similar to, but not necessarily identical to, one or more activities of a PUFA synthase of the present invention.

Of course, due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, one of ordinary skill in the art will immediately recognize that a large portion of the nucleic acid molecules having a polynucleotide sequence at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to the polynucleotide sequences described herein will encode polypeptides “having PUFA synthase functional activity.” In fact, since degenerate variants of any of these polynucleotide sequences all encode the same polypeptide, in many instances, it can be predicted by the skilled artisan based on knowledge of conservative substitutions as well as conserved functional domains, which polypeptides will exhibit activity. In certain aspects of the invention, the polypeptides and polynucleotides of the present invention are provided in an isolated form, e.g., purified to homogeneity. Alternatively, the polypeptides and polynucleotides of the invention can be synthetically produced by conventional synthesizers.

As known in the art “similarity” between two polypeptides is determined by comparing the amino acid sequence and conserved amino acid substitutes thereto of the polypeptide to the sequence of a second polypeptide.

In some embodiments, a polypeptide of the invention is a fusion polypeptide.

As used herein, “fusion polypeptide” means a polypeptide comprising a first polypeptide linearly connected, via peptide bonds, to a second polypeptide. The first polypeptide and the second polypeptide can be identical or different, and they can be directly connected, or connected via a peptide linker. As used herein, the terms “linked,” “fused,” or “fusion” are used interchangeably. These terms refer to the joining together of two more elements or components by any means including chemical conjugation or recombinant means. An “in-frame fusion” refers to the joining of two or more open reading frames to form a continuous longer open reading frame, in a manner that maintains the correct reading frame of the original open reading frames. Thus, the resulting recombinant fusion protein is a single protein containing two or more segments that correspond to polypeptides encoded by the original open reading frames (which segments are not normally so joined in nature). Although the reading frame is thus made continuous throughout the fused segments, the segments can be physically or spatially separated by, for example, in-frame linker sequence. A “linker” sequence is a series of one or more amino acids separating two polypeptide coding regions in a fusion protein.

The invention is directed to a composition comprising one or more polypeptides of the invention and a biologically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the composition includes a biologically acceptable “excipient,” wherein the excipient is a component, or mixture of components, that is used in a composition of the present invention to give desirable characteristics to the composition, and also include carriers. “Biologically acceptable” means a compound, material, composition, salt, and/or dosage form which is, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for contact with the tissues of living cells without excessive toxicity, irritation, inflammatory response, or other problematic complications over the desired duration of contact commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Various excipients can be used. In some embodiments, the excipient can be, but is not limited to, an alkaline agent, a stabilizer, an antioxidant, an adhesion agent, a separating agent, a coating agent, an exterior phase component, a controlled-release component, a solvent, a surfactant, a humectant, a buffering agent, a filler, an emollient, or combinations thereof. Excipients in addition to those discussed herein can include excipients listed in, though not limited to, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21^(st) ed. (2005).

Inclusion of an excipient in a particular classification herein (e.g., “solvent”) is intended to illustrate rather than limit the role of the excipient. A particular excipient can fall within multiple classifications.

The present invention further relates to a fragment, variant, derivative, or analog of any of the polypeptide disclosed herein.

The polypeptide of the present invention can be a recombinant polypeptide, a natural polypeptide, or a synthetic polypeptide.

Host Cells

The present invention is directed to a host cell that expresses any of the nucleic acid molecules and recombinant nucleic acid molecules described above as well as combinations thereof.

The term “expression” as used herein refers to a process by which a gene produces a biochemical, for example, a RNA or polypeptide. The process includes any manifestation of the functional presence of the gene within the cell including, without limitation, gene knockdown as well as both transient expression and stable expression. It includes, without limitation, transcription of the gene into messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), small hairpin RNA (shRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), or any other RNA product, and the translation of such mRNA into polypeptide(s). If the final desired product is biochemical, expression includes the creation of that biochemical and any precursors.

To produce one or more desired polyunsaturated fatty acids, a host cell can be genetically modified to introduce a PUFA synthase system of the present invention into the host cell.

When genetically modifying organisms to express a PUFA synthase system according to the present invention, some host organisms can endogenously express accessory proteins that are required in conjunction with a PUFA synthase system in order to produce PUFAs. However, it may be necessary to transform some organisms with nucleic acid molecules encoding one or more accessory protein(s) in order to enable or to enhance production of PUFAs by the organism, even if the organism endogenously produces a homologous accessory protein. Some heterologous accessory proteins can operate more effectively or efficiently with the transformed PUFA synthase proteins than the host cells' endogenous accessory protein(s).

Accessory proteins are defined herein as proteins that are not considered to be part of the core PUFA synthase system (i.e., not part of the PUFA synthase enzyme complex itself) but which may be necessary for PUFA production or efficient PUFA production using the core PUFA synthase enzyme complex of the present invention. For example, in order to produce PUFAs, a PUFA synthase system must work with an accessory protein that transfers a 4′-phosphopantetheinyl moiety from coenzyme A to the acyl carrier protein (ACP) domain(s). Therefore, a PUFA synthase system can be considered to include at least one 4′-phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PPTase) domain, or such a domain can be considered to be an accessory domain or protein to the PUFA synthase system. Structural and functional characteristics of PPTases have been described in detail, e.g., in U.S. Appl. Publ. Nos. 2002/0194641; 2004/0235127; and 2005/0100995.

A domain or protein having 4′-phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PPTase) biological activity (function) is characterized as the enzyme that transfers a 4′-phosphopantetheinyl moiety from Coenzyme A to the acyl carrier protein (ACP). This transfer to an invariant serine reside of the ACP activates the inactive apo-form to the holo-form. In both polyketide and fatty acid synthesis, the phosphopantetheine group forms thioesters with the growing acyl chains. The PPTases are a family of enzymes that have been well characterized in fatty acid synthesis, polyketide synthesis, and non-ribosomal peptide synthesis. The sequences of many PPTases are known, crystal structures have been determined (e.g., Reuter K., et al., EMBO J. 18(23):6823-31 (1999)), and mutational analysis has identified amino acid residues important for activity (Mofid M. R., et al., Biochemistry 43(14):4128-36 (2004)).

One heterologous PPTase which has been previously demonstrated to recognize Schizochytrium ACP domains as substrates is the Het I protein of Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 (formerly called Anabaena sp. PCC 7120). Het I is present in a cluster of genes in Nostoc known to be responsible for the synthesis of long chain hydroxy-fatty acids that are a component of a glyco-lipid layer present in heterocysts of that organism (Black and Wolk, J. Bacteriol. 176: 2282-2292 (1994); Campbell et al., Arch. Microbiol. 167: 251-258 (1997)). Het I is likely to activate the ACP domains of a protein, Hgl E, present in that cluster. Sequences and constructs containing Het I have been described in, e.g., U.S. Appl. Publ. No. 2007/0244192, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

Another heterologous PPTase which has been demonstrated previously to recognize the Schizochytrium ACP domains is Sfp, derived from Bacillus subtilis. Sfp has been well characterized and is widely used due to its ability to recognize a broad range of substrates. Based on published sequence information (Nakana, et al., Molecular and General Genetics 232: 313-321 (1992)), an expression vector was previously produced for Sfp by cloning the coding region, along with defined up- and downstream flanking DNA sequences, into a pACYC-184 cloning vector. This construct encodes a functional PPTase as demonstrated by its ability to be co-expressed with Schizochytrium Orfs in E. coli which, under appropriate conditions, resulted in the accumulation of DHA in those cells (see, U.S. Appl. Publ. No. 2004/0235127, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety).

Host cells can include microbial cells; animal cells; plant cells; and insect cells. Representative examples of appropriate hosts include bacterial cells; thermophilic or mesophlic bacteria; marine bacteria; thraustochytrids; fungal cells, such as yeast; plant cells; insect cells; and isolated animal cells. Host cells can be either untransfected cells or cells that are already transfected with at least one other recombinant nucleic acid molecule. Host cells can also include transgenic cells that have been engineered to express a PUFA synthase. The selection of an appropriate host is deemed to be within the scope of those skilled in the art from the teachings herein.

Host cells include any microorganism of the order Thraustochytriales, such as microorganisms from a genus including, but not limited to: Thraustochytrium, Labyrinthuloides, Japonochytrium, and Schizochytrium. Species within these genera include, but are not limited to: any Schizochytrium species, including Schizochytrium aggregatum, Schizochytrium limacinum, Schizochytrium minutum; any Thraustochytrium species (including former Ulkenia species such as U. visurgensis, U. amoeboida, U. sarkariana, U. profunda, U. radiata, U. minuta and Ulkenia sp. BP-5601), and including Thraustochytrium striatum, Thraustochytrium aureum, Thraustochytrium roseum; and any Japonochytrium species. Strains of Thraustochytriales include, but are not limited to: Schizochytrium sp. (S31) (ATCC 20888); Schizochytrium sp. (S8) (ATCC 20889); Schizochytrium sp. (LC-RM) (ATCC 18915); Schizochytrium sp. (SR21); Schizochytrium aggregatum (Goldstein et Belsky) (ATCC 28209); Schizochytrium limacinum (Honda et Yokochi) (IFO 32693); Thraustochytrium sp. (23B) (ATCC 20891); Thraustochytrium striatum (Schneider) (ATCC 24473); Thraustochytrium aureum (Goldstein) (ATCC 34304); Thraustochytrium roseum (Goldstein) (ATCC 28210); and Japonochytrium sp. (L1) (ATCC 28207). Other examples of suitable host microorganisms for genetic modification include, but are not limited to, yeast including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, or other yeast such as Candida, Kluyveromyces, or other fungi, for example, filamentous fungi such as Aspergillus, Neurospora, Penicillium, etc. Bacterial cells also can be used as hosts. This includes Escherichia coli, which can be useful in fermentation processes. Alternatively, a host such as a Lactobacillus species or Bacillus species can be used as a host.

Plant host cells include, but are not limited to, any higher plants, including both dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants, and consumable plants, including crop plants and plants used for their oils. Such plants can include, for example: canola, soybeans, rapeseed, linseed, corn, safflowers, sunflowers, and tobacco. Other plants include those plants that are known to produce compounds used as pharmaceutical agents, flavoring agents, neutraceutical agents, functional food ingredients, cosmetically active agents, or plants that are genetically engineered to produce these compounds/agents. Thus, any plant species or plant cell can be selected. Examples of plants and plant cells, and plants grown or derived therefrom, include, but are not limited to, plants and plant cells obtainable from canola (Brassica rapa L.); canola cultivars NQC02CNX12 (ATCC PTA-6011), NQC02CNX21 (ATCC PTA-6644), and NQC02CNX25 (ATCC PTA-6012) as well as cultivars, breeding cultivars, and plant parts derived from canola cultivars NQC02CNX12, NQC02CNX21, and NQC02CNX25 (see, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,355,100, 7,456,340, and 7,348,473, respectively); soybean (Glycine max); rapeseed (Brassica spp.); linseed/flax (Linum usitatissimum); maize (corn) (Zea mays); safflower (Carthamus tinctorius); sunflower (Helianthus annuus); tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum); Arabidopsis thaliana, Brazil nut (Betholettia excelsa); castor bean (Riccinus communis); coconut (Cocus nucifera); coriander (Coriandrum sativum); cotton (Gossypium spp.); groundnut (Arachis hypogaea); jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis); mustard (Brassica spp. and Sinapis alba); oil palm (Elaeis guineeis); olive (Olea eurpaea); rice (Oryza sativa); squash (Cucurbita maxima); barley (Hordeum vulgare); wheat (Traeticum aestivum); and duckweed (Lemnaceae sp.). Plant lines from these and other plants can be produced, selected, or optimized for a desirable trait such as or associated with, but not limited to, seed yield, lodging resistance, emergence, disease resistance or tolerance, maturity, late season plant intactness, plant height, shattering resistance, ease of plant transformation, oil content, or oil profile. Plant lines can be selected through plant breeding such as pedigree breeding, recurrent selection breeding, intercross and backcross breeding, as well as methods such as marker assisted breeding and tilling. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,348,473.

Animal cells include any isolated animal cells.

The present invention is directed to a host cell that expresses one or more nucleic acid molecules or recombinant nucleic acid molecules, including vectors, of the invention.

The present invention is directed to a method for making a recombinant host cell comprising introducing a recombinant vector into a host cell.

Host cells can be genetically engineered (transduced or transformed or transfected) with the vectors of this invention that can be, for example, a cloning vector or an expression vector. The vector can be, for example, in the form of a plasmid, a viral particle, a phage, etc. The vector containing a polynucleotide sequence as described herein, as well as an appropriate promoter or control sequence, can be employed to transform an appropriate host to permit expression of the polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide sequence. The genetic modification of host cells can also include the optimization of genes for preferred or optimal host codon usage.

The engineered host cells can be cultured in conventional nutrient media modified as appropriate for activating promoters, selecting transformants, or amplifying the genes of the present invention. The culture conditions, such as temperature, pH, and the like, are those previously used with the host cell selected for expression, and will be apparent to the ordinarily skilled artisan.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to genetically modifying a plant or part of a plant to express a PUFA synthase system described herein, which includes at least the core PUFA synthase enzyme complex. A “part of a plant” or “plant part” as defined herein includes any part of a plant, such as, but not limited to, seeds (immature or mature), oils, pollen, embryos, flowers, fruits, shoots, leaves, roots, stems, explants, etc. In some embodiments, the genetically modified plant or part of a plant produces one or more PUFAs, such as EPA, DHA, DPA (n-3 or n-6), ARA, GLA, SDA, other PUFAs, and combinations thereof. Plants are not known to endogenously contain a PUFA synthase system; therefore, the PUFA synthase systems of the present invention can be used to engineer plants with unique fatty acid production capabilities. In a further embodiment, the plant or part of a plant is further genetically modified to express at least one PUFA synthase accessory protein, (e.g., a PPTase). In some embodiments, the plant is an oil seed plant, wherein the oil seeds, and/or the oil in the oil seeds, contain PUFAs produced by the PUFA synthase system. In some embodiments, the genetically modified plants, parts of plants, oil seeds, and/or oils in the oil seeds contain a detectable amount of at least one PUFA that is the product of the PUFA synthase system. In further embodiments, such plants, parts of plants, oil seeds, and/or oils in the oil seeds can be substantially free of intermediate or side products that are not the primary PUFA products of the introduced PUFA synthase system and that are not naturally produced by the endogenous FAS system in the wild-type plants. While wild-type plants produce some short or medium chain PUFAs, such as 18 carbon PUFAs via the FAS system, new or additional PUFAs will be produced in the plant, parts of plants, oil seeds, and/or oils in the oil seeds as a result of genetic modification with a PUFA synthase system described herein.

Genetic modification of a plant can be accomplished using classical strain development and/or molecular genetic techniques. See, U.S. Appl. Publ. No. 2007/0244192. Methods for producing a transgenic plant, wherein a recombinant nucleic acid molecule encoding a desired amino acid sequence is incorporated into the genome of the plant, are known in the art. For example, viral vectors can be used to produce transgenic plants, such as by transformation of a monocotyledonous plant with a viral vector using the methods described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,569,597; 5,589,367; and 5,316,931. Methods for the genetic engineering or modification of plants by transformation are also well known in the art, including biological and physical transformation protocols. See, e.g., B. L. Miki et al., Procedures for Introducing Foreign DNA into Plants, in METHODS IN PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 67-88 (Glick, B. R. and Thompson, J. E. eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, 1993). In addition, vectors and in vitro culture methods for plant cell or tissue transformation and regeneration of plants are available. See, e.g., M. Y. Gruber et al., Vectors for Plant Transformation, in METHODS IN PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 89-119 (Glick, B. R. and Thompson, J. E. eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, 1993).

A widely utilized method for introducing an expression vector into plants is based on the natural transformation system of Agrobacterium. See, e.g., Horsch et al., Science 227:1229 (1985) and U.S. Pat. No. 6,051,757. A. tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes are plant pathogenic soil bacteria which genetically transform plant cells. The Ti and Ri plasmids of A. tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes, respectively, carry genes responsible for genetic transformation of the plant. See, e.g., Kado, C. I., Crit. Rev. Plant. Sci. 10:1 (1991). Descriptions of Agrobacterium vector systems and methods for Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer are provided by numerous references, including Gruber et al., supra; Miki et al., supra; Moloney et al., Plant Cell Reports 8:238 (1989); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,177,010; 5,104,310; 5,149,645; 5,469,976; 5,464,763; 4,940,838; 4,693,976; 5,591,616; 5,231,019; 5,463,174; 4,762,785; 5,004,863; and 5,159,135; and European Patent Appl. Nos. 0131624, 120516, 159418, 176112, 116718, 290799, 320500, 604662, 627752, 0267159, and 0292435.

Other methods of plant transformation include microprojectile-mediated transformation, wherein DNA is carried on the surface of microprojectiles. The expression vector is introduced into plant tissues with a biolistic device that accelerates the microprojectiles to speeds sufficient to penetrate plant cell walls and membranes. See, e.g., Sanford et al., Part. Sci. Technol. 5:27 (1987), Sanford, J. C., Trends Biotech. 6:299 (1988), Sanford, J. C., Physiol. Plant 79:206 (1990), Klein et al., Biotechnology 10:268 (1992), and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,015,580 and 5,322,783. Techniques for accelerating genetic material coated onto microparticles directed into cells is also described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,945,050 and 5,141,141. Another method for physical delivery of DNA to plants is sonication of target cells. See, e.g., Zhang et al., Bio/Technology 9:996 (1991). Alternatively, liposome or spheroplast fusion have been used to introduce expression vectors into plants. See, e.g., Deshayes et al., EMBO J., 4:2731 (1985), Christou et al., Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:3962 (1987). Direct uptake of DNA into protoplasts using CaCl₂ precipitation, DNA injection, polyvinyl alcohol or poly-L-ornithine have also been reported. See, e.g., Hain et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 199:161 (1985) and Draper et al., Plant Cell Physiol. 23:451 (1982). Electroporation of protoplasts and whole cells and tissues has also been described. See, e.g., Donn et al., in Abstracts of VIIth International Congress on Plant Cell and Tissue Culture IAPTC, A2-38, p. 53 (1990); D'Halluin et al., Plant Cell 4:1495-1505 (1992); Spencer et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 24:51-61 (1994); International Appl. Publ. Nos. WO 87/06614, WO 92/09696, and WO 93/21335; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,472,869 and 5,384,253. Other transformation technology includes whiskers technology, see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,302,523 and 5,464,765.

Chloroplasts or plastids can also be directly transformed. As such, recombinant plants can be produced in which only the chloroplast or plastid DNA has been modified with any of the nucleic acid molecules and recombinant nucleic acid molecules described above as well as combinations thereof. Promoters which function in chloroplasts and plastids are known in the art. See, e.g., Hanley-Bowden et al., Trends in Biochemical Sciences 12:67-70 (1987). Methods and compositions for obtaining cells containing chloroplasts into which heterologous DNA has been inserted have been described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,693,507 and 5,451,513.

Any other methods which provide for efficient transformation can also be employed.

Vectors suitable for use in plant transformation are known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,495,738; 7,271,315; 7,348,473; 7,355,100; 7,456,340; and references disclosed therein.

Expression vectors can include at least one genetic marker, operably linked to a regulatory element (a promoter, for example) that allows transformed cells containing the marker to be either recovered by negative selection, i.e., inhibiting growth of cells that do not contain the selectable marker gene, or by positive selection, i.e., screening for the product encoded by the genetic marker. Many commonly used selectable marker genes for plant transformation are well known in the transformation arts, and include, for example, genes that code for enzymes that metabolically detoxify a selective chemical agent which can be an antibiotic or an herbicide, or genes that encode an altered target which is insensitive to the inhibitor. Selectable markers suitable for use in plant transformation include, but are not limited to, the aminoglycoside phosphotransferase gene of transposon Tn5 (Aph II) which encodes resistance to the antibiotics kanamycin, neomycin, and G418, as well as those genes which encode for resistance or tolerance to glyphosate, hygromycin, methotrexate, phosphinothricin (bialophos), imidazolinones, sulfonylureas and triazolopyrimidine herbicides, such as chlorsulfuron, bromoxynil, dalapon, and the like. One commonly used selectable marker gene for plant transformation is the neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) gene under the control of plant regulatory signals which confers resistance to kanamycin. See, e.g., Fraley et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80: 4803 (1983). Another commonly used selectable marker gene is the hygromycin phosphotransferase gene which confers resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin. See, e.g., Vanden Elzen et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 5:299 (1985). Additional selectable marker genes of bacterial origin that confer resistance to antibiotics include gentamycin acetyl transferase, streptomycin phosphotransferase, aminoglycoside-3′-adenyl transferase, and the bleomycin resistance determinant. See, e.g., Hayford et al., Plant Physiol. 86:1216 (1988), Jones et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 210: 86 (1987), Svab et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 14:197 (1990), Hille et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 7:171 (1986). Other selectable marker genes confer resistance to herbicides such as glyphosate, glufosinate, or bromoxynil. See, e.g., Comai et al., Nature 317:741-744 (1985), Gordon-Kamm et al., Plant Cell 2:603-618 (1990) and Stalker el al., Science 242:419-423 (1988). Other selectable marker genes for plant transformation are not of bacterial origin. These genes include, for example, mouse dihydrofolate reductase, plant 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase and plant acetolactate synthase. See, e.g., Eichholtz et al., Somatic Cell Mol. Genet. 13:67 (1987), Shah et al., Science 233:478 (1986), Charest et al., Plant Cell Rep. 8:643 (1990).

A reporter gene can be used with or without a selectable marker. Reporter genes are genes which are typically not present in the recipient organism or tissue and typically encode for proteins resulting in some phenotypic change or enzymatic property. See, e.g., K. Weising et al., Ann. Rev. Genetics 22: 421 (1988). Reporter genes include, but are not limited to beta-glucuronidase (GUS), beta-galactosidase, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, green fluorescent protein, and luciferase genes. See, e.g., Jefferson, R. A., Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 5:387 (1987), Teeri et al., EMBO J. 8:343 (1989), Koncz et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci U.S.A. 84:131 (1987), DeBlock et al., EMBO J. 3:1681 (1984), and Chalfie et al., Science 263:802 (1994). An assay for detecting reporter gene expression can be performed at a suitable time after the gene has been introduced into recipient cells. One such assay entails the use of the gene encoding beta-glucuronidase (GUS) of the uida locus of E. coli as described by Jefferson et al., Biochem. Soc. Trans. 15: 17-19 (1987).

Promoter regulatory elements from a variety of sources can be used efficiently in plant cells to express foreign genes. For example, promoter regulatory elements of bacterial origin, such as the octopine synthase promoter, the nopaline synthase promoter, the mannopine synthase promoter, as well as promoters of viral origin, such as the cauliflower mosaic virus (35S and 19S), 35T (which is a re-engineered 35S promoter, see International Appl. Publ. No. WO 97/13402) can be used. Plant promoter regulatory elements include but are not limited to ribulose-1,6-bisphosphate (RUBP) carboxylase small subunit (ssu), beta-conglycinin promoter, beta-phaseolin promoter, ADH promoter, heat-shock promoters, and tissue specific promoters. Matrix attachment regions, scaffold attachment regions, introns, enhancers, and polyadenylation sequences can also be used to improve transcription efficiency or DNA integration. Such elements can be included to obtain optimal performance of the transformed DNA in the plant. Typical elements include, but are not limited to, Adh-intron 1, Adh-intron 6, the alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein leader sequence, the maize streak virus coat protein leader sequence, as well as others available to a skilled artisan. Constitutive promoter regulatory elements can also be used to direct continuous gene expression. Constitutive promoters include, but are not limited to, promoters from plant viruses such as the 35S promoter from CaMV (Odell et al., Nature 313:810-812 (1985)), and promoters from such genes as rice actin (McElroy et al., Plant Cell 2:163-171 (1990)), ubiquitin (Christensen et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 12:619-632 (1989) and Christensen et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 18:675-689 (1992)), pEMU (Last et al., Theor. Appl. Genet. 8/:581-588 (1991)), MAS (Velten et al., EMBO J. 3:2723-2730 (1984)), maize H3 histone (Lepetit et al., Mol. Gen. Genetics 231:276-285 (1992) and Atanassova et al., Plant Journal 2(3): 291-300 (1992)), and the ALS promoter, Xba1/NcoI fragment 5′ to the Brassica napus ALS3 structural gene (or a nucleotide sequence similar to the Xba1/NcoI fragment) (International Appl. Publ. No. WO 96/30530). Tissue-specific promoter regulatory elements can also be used for gene expression in specific cell or tissue types, such as leaves or seeds (e.g., zein, oleosin, napin, ACP, globulin, and the like). Tissue-specific or tissue-preferred promoters include, but are not limited to, a root-preferred promoter, such as from the phaseolin gene (Murai et al., Science 23:476-482 (1983) and Sengupta-Gopalan et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82:3320-3324 (1985)); a leaf-specific and light-induced promoter such as from cab or rubisco (Simpson et al., EMBO J. 4(11):2723-2729 (1985) and Timko et al., Nature 318:579-582 (1985)); an anther-specific promoter such as from LAT52 (Twell et al., Mol. Gen. Genetics 217:240-245 (1989)); a pollen-specific promoter such as from Zm13 (Guerrero et al., Mol. Gen. Genetics 244:161-168 (1993)); or a microspore-preferred promoter such as from apg (Twell et al., Sex. Plant Reprod. 6:217-224 (1993)). Promoter regulatory elements can also be active during a certain stage of a plants' development as well as plant tissues and organs, including, but not limited to, pollen-specific, embryo specific, corn silk specific, cotton fiber specific, root specific, and seed endosperm specific promoter regulatory elements. An inducible promoter regulatory element can be used, which is responsible for expression of genes in response to a specific signal, such as: physical stimulus (heat shock genes); light (RUBP carboxylase); hormone (Em); metabolites; chemicals; and stress. Inducible promoters include, but are not limited to, a promoter from the ACEI system which responds to copper (Mett et al., PNAS 90:4567-4571 (1993)); from the In2 gene from maize which responds to benzenesulfonamide herbicide safeners (Hershey et al., Mol. Gen Genetics 227:229-237 (1991) and Gatz et al., Mol. Gen. Genetics 243:32-38 (1994)), from the Tet repressor from Tn10 (Gatz et al., Mol. Gen. Genetics 227:229-237 (1991)); and from a steroid hormone gene, the transcriptional activity of which is induced by a glucocorticosteroid hormone (Schena et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88:0421 (1991).

Signal sequences can also be used to direct a polypeptide to either an intracellular organelle or subcellular compartment or for secretion to the apoplast. See, e.g., Becker et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 20:49 (1992), Knox, C., et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 9:3-17 (1987), Lerner et al., Plant Physiol. 91:124-129 (1989), Fontes et al., Plant Cell 3:483-496 (1991), Matsuoka et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88:834 (1991), Gould et al., J. Cell. Biol. 108:1657 (1989), Creissen et al., Plant J. 2:129 (1991), Kalderon, et al., Cell 39:499-509 (1984), and Steifel et al., Plant Cell 2:785-793 (1990). Such targeting sequences provide for the desired expressed protein to be transferred to the cell structure in which it most effectively functions or to areas of the cell in which cellular processes necessary for desired phenotypic functions are concentrated.

In some embodiments, signal sequences are used to direct proteins of the invention to a subcellular compartment, for example, to the plastid or chloroplast. Gene products, including heterologous gene products, can be targeted to the plastid or chloroplast by fusing the gene product to a signal sequence which is cleaved during chloroplast import yielding the mature protein. See, e.g., Comai et al., J. Biol. Chem. 263: 15104-15109 (1988) and van den Broeck et al., Nature 313: 358-363 (1985). DNA encoding for appropriate signal sequences can be isolated from cDNAs encoding the RUBISCO protein, the CAB protein, the EPSP synthase enzyme, the GS2 protein, or from any naturally occurring chloroplast targeted protein that contains a signal sequence (also termed a chloroplast transit peptide (CTP)) that directs the targeted protein to the chloroplast. Such chloroplast targeted proteins are well known in the art. The chloroplast targeted proteins are synthesized as larger precursor proteins that contain an amino-terminal CTP, which directs the precursor to the chloroplast import machinery. CTPs are generally cleaved by specific endoproteases located within the chloroplast organelle, thus releasing the targeted mature protein, including active proteins such as enzymes, from the precursor into the chloroplast milieu. Examples of sequences encoding peptides suitable for targeting a gene or gene product to the chloroplast or plastid of the plant cell include the petunia EPSPS CTP, the Arabidopsis EPSPS CTP2 and intron, and other sequences known in the art. Specific examples of CTPs include, but are not limited to, the Arabidopsis thaliana ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit ats1A transit peptide, an Arabidopsis thaliana EPSPS transit peptide, and a Zea maize ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit transit peptide. An optimized transit peptide is described, e.g., by Van den Broeck et al., Nature 313:358-363 (1985). Prokaryotic and eukaryotic signal sequences are disclosed, e.g., by Michaelis et al., Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 36: 425 (1982). Additional examples of transit peptides that can be used in the invention include chloroplast transit peptides described in Von Heijne et al., Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 9:104-126(1991); Mazur et al., Plant Physiol. 85: 1110 (1987); Vorst et al., Gene 65: 59 (1988); Chen & Jagendorf, J. Biol. Chem. 268: 2363-2367 (1993); a transit peptide from the rbcS gene from Nicotiana plumbaginifolia (Poulsen et al. Mol. Gen. Genet. 205: 193-200 (1986)); and a transit peptide derived from Brassica napus acyl-ACP thioesterase (Loader et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 23: 769-778 (1993); Loader et al., Plant Physiol. 110:336-336 (1995).

Genetically modified plants of the invention can be further modified to delete or inactivate an endogenous fatty acid synthase, to reduce endogenous competition with the exogenous PUFA synthase system for malonyl CoA, to increase the level of malonyl CoA in the organism, and combinations thereof. See, e.g., U.S. Appl. Publ. No. 2007/0245431.

A genetically modified plant can be cultured in a fermentation medium or grown in a suitable medium such as soil. A suitable growth medium for higher plants includes any growth medium for plants, such as, but not limited to, soil, sand, any other particulate media that support root growth (e.g. vermiculite, perlite, etc.) or hydroponic culture as well as suitable light, water, and nutritional supplements which optimize the growth of the higher plant. PUFAs can be recovered from the genetically modified plants through purification processes which extract the compounds from the plant. PUFAs can be recovered by harvesting the plant as well as by harvesting the oil from the plant (e.g., from the oil seeds). The plant can also be consumed in its natural state or further processed into consumable products. In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a genetically modified plant, wherein the plant produces at least one PUFA as a result of the genetic modification, and wherein the total fatty acid profile in the plant, or the part of the plant that accumulates PUFAs, comprises a detectable amount of the PUFA produced as a result of genetic modification of the plant. In some embodiments, the plant is an oil seed plant. In some embodiments, the oil seed plant produces PUFAs in its mature seeds or contains the PUFAs in the oil of its seeds.

Various mammalian cell culture systems can also be employed to express recombinant protein. Expression vectors will comprise an origin of replication, a suitable promoter and enhancer, and also any necessary ribosome binding sites, polyadenylation site, splice donor and acceptor sites, transcriptional termination sequences, and 5′ flanking nontranscribed sequences.

Methods Involving Heterologous Expression

The present invention is directed to a method to produce at least one PUFA comprising expressing a PUFA synthase system in a host cell under conditions effective to produce PUFA, wherein the PUFA synthase system comprises any of the isolated nucleic acid molecules and recombinant nucleic acid molecules described herein as well as combinations thereof, wherein at least on PUFA is produced. In some embodiments, the at least one PUFA includes DHA, EPA, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the host cell is a plant cell, an isolated animal cell, or a microbial cell. In some embodiments the host cell is a thraustochytrid.

The present invention is directed to a method to produce lipids enriched for DHA, EPA, or a combination thereof, comprising expressing a PUFA synthase gene in a host cell under conditions effective to produce lipids, wherein the PUFA synthase gene comprises any of the isolated nucleic acid molecules and recombinant nucleic acid molecules described herein as well as combinations thereof in the host cell, wherein lipids enriched with DHA, EPA, or a combination thereof are produced.

The invention is directed to a method of isolating lipids from a host cell, comprising expressing a PUFA synthase gene in the host cell under conditions effective to produce lipids, and isolating lipids from the host cell, wherein the PUFA synthase system in the host cell comprises any of the isolated nucleic acid molecules and recombinant nucleic acid molecules described herein as well as combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, one or more lipid fractions containing PUFAs are isolated from the host cells. In some embodiments, the one or more fractions isolated from the host cell includes the total fatty acid fraction, the sterol esters fraction, the triglyceride fraction, the free fatty acid fraction, the sterol fraction, the diglycerol fraction, the phospholipid fraction, or combination thereof. In some embodiments, PUFAs are isolated from the host cells, wherein the PUFAs are enriched for omega-3 fatty acids omega-6 fatty acids, or combinations thereof based on the composition of the PUFA synthase system introduced into a host cell. In some embodiments, the PUFAs are enriched for DHA, EPA, DPA n-6, ARA, or combinations thereof based on the composition of the PUFA synthase system introduced into a host cell. In some embodiments, the PUFAs are enriched for DHA, EPA, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the PUFA profile of PUFAs isolated from a host cell include high concentrations of DHA and lower concentrations of EPA, ARA, DPA n-6, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the PUFA profile of PUFAs isolated from a host cell include high concentrations of DHA and EPA, and lower concentrations of ARA, DPA n-6, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the PUFA profile of PUFAs isolated from a host cell include high concentrations of EPA and lower concentrations of DHA, ARA, DPA n-6, or combinations thereof.

The invention is directed to a method of replacing an inactive or deleted PUFA synthase activity, introducing a new PUFA synthase activity, or enhancing an existing PUFA synthase activity in an organism having PUFA synthase activity, comprising expressing any of the isolated nucleic acid molecules and recombinant nucleic acid molecules described herein as well as combinations thereof in the organism under conditions effective to express the PUFA synthase activity. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises one or more PFA1, PFA2, or PFA3 PUFA synthase polynucleotide sequences described herein that encode one or more PUFA synthase domains. In some embodiments, the PUFA profiles of the organisms are altered by the introduction of the one or more nucleic acid molecules of the invention. In some embodiments, the altered PUFA profiles include an increase in omega-3 fatty acids and a decrease in omega-6 fatty acids. In some embodiments, the altered PUFA profiles include an increase in omega-6 fatty acids and a decrease in omega-3 fatty acids. In some embodiments, both omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are increased. In some embodiments, the amount of DHA is increased while the amounts of one or more of EPA, ARA, DPA n-6, or combinations thereof are maintained or decrease. In some embodiments, the amounts of EPA and DHA are increased while the amounts of ARA, DPA n-6, or a combination thereof are maintained or decrease. In some embodiments, the amount of EPA is increased while the amounts of one or more of EPA, ARA, DPA n-6, or combinations thereof are maintained or decrease. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises the polynucleotide sequence of PFA3 or one or more domains therein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises the polynucleotide sequence of PFA3 or one or more domains therein and the amount of omega-3 fatty acids in the organism is increased while the amount of omega-6 fatty acids is decreased. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule comprises the polynucleotide sequence of PFA2 or one or more domains therein and the amount of DHA in the organism is increased while the amount of EPA is decreased.

The invention is directed to methods of increasing production of DHA, EPA, or a combination thereof in an organism having PUFA synthase activity, comprising expressing any of the isolated nucleic acid molecules and recombinant nucleic acid molecules described herein as well as combinations thereof in the organism under conditions effective to produce DHA, EPA, or a combination thereof, wherein the PUFA synthase activity replaces an inactive or deleted activity, introduces a new activity, or enhances an existing activity in the organism, and wherein production of DHA, EPA, or a combination thereof in the organism is increased.

Having generally described this invention, a further understanding can be obtained by reference to the examples provided herein. These examples are for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting.

EXAMPLE 1

Degenerate primers for the KS and DH PUFA synthase domains were designed in order to isolate the corresponding sequences from the isolated microorganism deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-9695, also known as Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695.

Degenerate primers for the KS region of Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA1 (i.e., the region containing the KS domain) were designed based on the published PFA1 (previously termed orfA or ORF 1) sequences for Shewanella japonica, Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888, Thraustochytrium aureum (ATCC 34304), and Thraustochytrium sp. 23B ATCC 20892:

prDS173 (forward):  (SEQ ID NO: 62) GATCTACTGCAAGCGCGGNGGNTTYAT, and prDS174 (reverse):  (SEQ ID NO: 63) GGCGCAGGCGGCRTCNACNAC.

Degenerate primers for the DH region of Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA3 (previously termed orfC or ORF 3) were designed based on the published sequences for Moritella marina; Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888; Shewanella sp. SCRC-2738; Photobacter profundum; and Thraustochytrium sp. 23B ATCC 20892:

JGM190 (forward):  (SEQ ID NO: 64) CAYTGGTAYTTYCCNTGYCAYTT;  and BLR242 (reverse):  (SEQ ID NO: 65) CCNGGCATNACNGGRTC.

The PCR conditions with chromosomal DNA template were as follows: 0.2 μM dNTPs, 0.1 uM each primer, 8% DMSO, 200 ng chromosomal DNA, 2.5 U Herculase® II fusion polymerase (Stratagene), and 1× Herculase® buffer (Stratagene) in a 50 μL total volume. The PCR Protocol included the following steps: (1) 98° C. for 3 minutes; (2) 98° C. for 30 seconds; (3) 50° C. for 30 seconds; (4) 72° C. for 2 minutes; (5) repeat steps 2-4 for 40 cycles; (6) 72° C. for 5 minutes; and (7) hold at 6° C.

For both primer pairs, PCR yielded distinct DNA products with the expected sizes using chromosomal templates from Schizochytrium sp. ATCC Accession No. PTA-9695. The respective PCR products were cloned into the vector pJET1.2/blunt (Fermentas) according to the manufacturer's instructions, and the insert sequence was determined using supplied standard primers.

The DNA sequences obtained from the PCR products were compared with known sequences available from the NCBI GenBank in a standard BLASTx search (BLASTx parameters: Low complexity filter on; Matrix: BLOSUM62; Gap cost; Existence 11, Extenstion1. Stephen F. Altschul, Thomas L. Madden, Alejandro A. Schïffer, Jinghui Zhang, Zheng Zhang, Webb Miller, and David J. Lipman (1997), “Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs”, Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402.).

At the amino acid level, the sequences with the highest level of homology to deduced amino acid sequence derived from the cloned DNA containing the KS fragment from Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 were: Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 “polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase subunit A” (Identity=87%; positives=92%); Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 “multi-domain beta-ketoacyl synthase” (Identity=49%; positives=64%); and Shewanella sp. MR-4 “beta-ketoacyl synthase” (Identity=49%; positives=64%).

At the amino acid level, the sequences with the highest level of homology to the deduced amino acid sequence derived from the cloned DNA containing the DH fragment from Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 were: Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 “polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase subunit C” (Identity=61%; positives=71%); Shewanella pealeana ATCC 700345 “Beta-hydroxyacyl- (acyl-carrier-protein) dehydratase FabA/FabZ” (Identity=35%; positives=50%); and Shewanella sediminis HAW-EB3 “omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase PfaC” (Identity=34%; positives=50%).

EXAMPLE 2 PUFA Synthase Genes were Identified from Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695

Genomic DNA was prepared from the microorganism by standard procedures.

See, e.g., Sambrook J. and Russell D. 2001. Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual, 3rd edition. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. Briefly: (1) 500 μL of cells were pelleted from mid-log culture. The cells were Re-spun, and all traces of liquid were removed from the cell pellet with a small-bore tip; (2) pellets were resuspended with 200 μL lysis buffer (20 mM Tris pH 8.0, 125 μg/mL Proteinase K, 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM EDTA pH 8.0, 0.5% SDS); (3) cells were lysed at 50° C. for 1 hour; (4) the lysis mixture was pipetted into phase-lock gel (PLG-Eppendorf) 2 mL tubes; (5) equal volume of P:C:I was added and allowed to mix for 1.5 hours; (6) the tubes were centrifuged at 12 k×g for 5 minutes; (7) the aqueous phase was removed from above the gel within the PLG tube and an equal volume of chloroform was added to the aqueous phase, and mixed for 30 minutes; (8) the tubes were centrifuged at 14 k for approximately 5 minutes; (9) the top layer (aqueous phase) was pipetted away from the chloroform, and placed in a new tube; (10) 0.1 volume of 3M NaOAC was added and mixed (inverted several times); (11) 2 volumes of 100% EtOH were added and mixed (inverted several times) with genomic DNA precipitant forming at this stage; (12) the tubes were spun at 4° C. in a microcentrifuge at 14 k for approximately 15 minutes; (13) the liquid was gently poured off with genomic DNA remaining at the bottom of the tube; (14) the pellet was washed with 0.5 mL 70% EtOH; (15) the tubes were spun at 4° C. in a microcentrifuge at 14 k for approximately 5 minutes; (16) the EtOH was gently poured off and the genomic DNA pellet was dried; and (17) a suitable volume of H₂O and RNase was added directly to the genomic DNA pellet.

The isolated genomic DNA was used to generate recombinant libraries consisting of large fragments (approximately 40 kB) according to the manufacturer's instructions in the cosmid pWEB-TNC™ (Epicentre). The cosmid libraries were screened by standard colony hybridization procedures using ³²P radioactively labeled probes (Sambrook J. and Russell D. 2001. Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual, 3rd edition. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). The probes contained DNA homologous to published PUFA synthase sequences from other organisms as described in Example 1. These probes were generated by a DNA restriction digest of the cloned fragments from respective clones from pJET1.2/blunt described above and labeled by standard methods. In all cases, strong hybridization of the individual probes to certain cosmids indicated clones containing DNA homologous to PUFA synthase genes.

Cosmid clone pDS115 demonstrated strong hybridization of probe to the KS region and was selected for DNA sequencing of the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA1 gene. Cosmid clone pDS115, containing the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA1 and PFA2 genes, was deposited under the Budapest Treaty, at the American Type Culture Collection, Patent Depository, 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, on Jan. 27, 2009, and given ATCC Accession No. PTA-9737. Sequencing primers to the DNA sequence of the KS region determined in Example 1 were designed using standard methods. To determine the DNA sequence of Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA1, successive rounds of DNA sequencing, involving subsequent sequencing primer design by standard methods, was carried out in order to “walk” the cosmid clone.

In previously published thraustochytrid PUFA synthase systems, the PUFA synthase genes PFA1 and PFA2 have been clustered together and arranged as to be divergently transcribed. This is also the case for PFA1 and PFA2 from Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695. Through the “walking” of DNA sequence from cosmid clone pDS115, the conceptual start of PFA2 was found to be 493 nucleotides from the start of PFA1 and divergently transcribed. Each nucleotide base pair of the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA1 and PFA2 PUFA synthase genes were covered by at least two separate DNA sequencing reactions with high-quality with at least a minimum aggregated Phred score of 40 (confidence level of 99.99%).

Cosmid clone pBS4 demonstrated strong hybridization of probe to the DH region and was selected for DNA sequencing of the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA3 gene. Cosmid clone pBS4, containing the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA3 gene, was deposited under the Budapest Treaty, at the American Type Culture Collection, Patent Depository, 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, on Jan. 27, 2009, and given ATCC Accession No. PTA-9736. Sequencing primers were designed using standard methods to the DH region DNA sequence determined in Example 1. To determine the DNA sequence of the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA3 gene, successive rounds of DNA sequencing, involving subsequent sequencing primer design by standard methods, was carried out in order to “walk” the cosmid clone. Each nucleotide base pair of the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA3 gene was covered by at least two separate DNA sequencing reactions of high-quality with at least a minimum aggregated Phred score of 40 (confidence level of 99.99%).

Table 1 shows identities for the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA1 (SEQ ID NO:1), PFA2 (SEQ ID NO:3), and PFA3 (SEQ ID NO:5) polynucleotide sequences as compared to previously published sequences. Identities were determined by the scoring matrix “swgapdnamt” within the “AlignX” program of the VectorNTI program, a standard for DNA alignment.

TABLE 1 PERCENT IDENTITY TO PFA1, PFA2, AND PFA3 POLYNUCLEOTIDE Sequences % Identity % Identity % Identity of published of published of published PFA1 (orfA) PFA2 (orfB) PFA3 (orfC) Source of to PFA1 to PFA2 to PFA3 Published PFA1, PFA2, (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID and PFA3 Sequences NO: 1) NO: 3) NO: 5) Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 70 66 75 20888 Thraustochytrium aureum 65 62 not published ATCC 34304 Thraustochytrium sp. 23B 56 55 67 ATCC 20892

Table 2 shows identities for the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa1p (SEQ ID NO:2), Pfa2p (SEQ ID NO:4), and Pfa3p (SEQ ID NO:6) amino acid sequences as compared to previously published PUFA synthase amino acid sequences. Identities were determined through use of the scoring matrix “blosum62mt2” within the “AlignX” program of the VectorNTI program, a standard for protein alignment.

TABLE 2 Percent Identity to Pfa1p, Pfa2p, and Pfa3p Amino Acid Sequences % Identity % Identity % Identity of published of published of published Pfa1p Pfa2p Pfa3p Source of (OrfA) to (OrfB) to (OrfC) to Published Pfa1p, Pfa2p, Pfa1p (SEQ Pfa2p (SEQ Pfa3p (SEQ and Pfa3p Sequences ID NO: 2) ID NO: 4) ID NO: 6) Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 60 53 70 20888 Thraustochytrium aureum 60 54 not published ATCC 34304 Thraustochytrium sp. 23B 52 52 70 ATCC 20892

EXAMPLE 3

Domain analysis was performed to annotate the sequence coordinates for the PUFA synthase domains and active sites of Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA1, PFA2, and PFA3, respectively. Domains were identified based on homology to known PUFA synthase, fatty acid synthase, and polyketide synthase domains.

Table 3 shows the domains and active sites associated with Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA1.

TABLE 3 Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA1 Domain Analysis Domain DNA position AA position Sites DNA position AA position KS 7-1401 of SEQ 3-467 of SEQ ID Active - DXAC* 607-609 of SEQ C203 of SEQ ID ID NO: 1 NO: 2 (SEQ ID NO: 43) ID NO: 1 NO: 2 (SEQ ID NO: 7) (SEQ ID NO: 8) End - GFGG 1363-1374 of 455-458 of SEQ (SEQ ID NO: 44) SEQ ID NO: 1 ID NO: 2 (SEQ ID NO: 45) MAT 1798-2700 of 600-900 of SEQ Active GHS*LG 2095-2097 of S699 of SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 1 ID NO: 2 (SEQ ID NO: 46) SEQ ID NO: 1 NO: 2 (SEQ ID NO: 9) (SEQ ID NO: 10) ACP 3298-5400 of 1100-1800 of ACP1 domain 3325-3600 of 1109-1200 of SEQ ID NO: 1 SEQ ID NO: 2 SEQ ID NO: 1 SEQ ID NO: 2 (SEQ ID NO: 11) (SEQ ID NO: 12) (SEQ ID NO: 13) (SEQ ID NO: 14) ACP1 Active 3454-3456 of S1152 of SEQ ID LGIDS* SEQ ID NO: 1 NO: 2 (SEQ ID NO: 47) ACP2 domain 3667-3942 of 1223-1314 of SEQ ID NO: 1 SEQ ID NO: 2 (SEQ ID NO: 15) (SEQ ID NO: 16) ACP2 Active 3796-3798 of S1266 of SEQ ID LGIDS* SEQ ID NO: 1 NO: 2 (SEQ ID NO: 47) ACP3 domain 4015-4290 of 1339-1430 of SEQ ID NO: 1 SEQ ID NO: 2 (SEQ ID NO: 17) (SEQ ID NO: 18) ACP3 Active 4144-4146 of S1382 of SEQ ID LGIDS* SEQ ID NO: 1 NO: 2 (SEQ ID NO: 47) ACP4 domain 4363-4638 of 1455-1546 of SEQ ID NO: 1 SEQ ID NO: 2 (SEQ ID NO: 19) (SEQ ID NO: 20) ACP4 Active 4492-4494 of S1498 of SEQ ID LGIDS* SEQ ID NO: 1 NO: 2 (SEQ ID NO: 47) ACP5 domain 4711-4986 of 1571-1662 of SEQ ID NO: 1 SEQ ID NO: 2 (SEQ ID NO: 21) (SEQ ID NO: 22) ACP5 Active 4840-4842 of S1614 of SEQ ID LGIDS* SEQ ID NO: 1 NO: 2 (SEQ ID NO: 47) ACP6 domain 5053-5328 of 1685-1776 of SEQ ID NO: 1 SEQ ID NO: 2 (SEQ ID NO: 23) (SEQ ID NO: 24) ACP6 Active 5182-5184 of S1728 of SEQ ID LGIDS* SEQ ID NO: 1 NO: 2 (SEQ ID NO: 47) KR 5623-7800 of 1875-2600 of “core region” 5998-6900 of 2000-2300 of SEQ ID NO: 1 SEQ ID NO: 2 SEQ ID NO: 1 SEQ ID NO: 2 (SEQ ID NO: 25) (SEQ ID NO: 26) (SEQ ID NO: 48) (SEQ ID NO: 49) DH 7027-7065 of 2343-2355 of LxxHxxxGxxxxP 7027-7065 of 2343-2355 of Motif SEQ ID NO: 1 SEQ ID NO: 2 (SEQ ID NO: 50) SEQ ID NO: 1 SEQ ID NO: 2 (SEQ ID NO: 27) (SEQ ID NO: 28) (SEQ ID NO: 27) (SEQ ID NO: 28)

The first domain in Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa1 is a K5 domain. The nucleotide sequence containing the sequence encoding the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa1 KS domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:7, corresponding to positions 7-1401 of SEQ ID NO:1. The amino acid sequence containing the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa1 KS domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:8, corresponding to positions 3-467 of SEQ ID NO:2. The KS domain contains an active site motif: DXAC* (SEQ ID NO:43), with an *acyl binding cite corresponding to C203 of SEQ ID NO:2. Also, a characteristic motif is present at the end of the KS domain: GFGG (SEQ ID NO:44), corresponding to positions 455-458 of SEQ ID NO:2 and positions 453-456 of SEQ ID NO:8.

The second domain in Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa1 is a MAT domain. The nucleotide sequence containing the sequence encoding the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa1 MAT domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:9, corresponding to positions 1798-2700 of SEQ ID NO:1. The amino acid sequence containing the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa1 MAT domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:10, corresponding to positions 600-900 of SEQ ID NO:2. The MAT domain contains an active site motif: GHS*XG (SEQ ID NO:46), with an *acyl binding cite corresponding to 5699 of SEQ ID NO:2.

The third through eighth domains of Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa1 are six tandem ACP domains, also referred to herein as ACP1, ACP2, ACP3, ACP4, ACP5, and ACP6. The nucleotide sequence containing the first ACP domain, ACP1, is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:13 and is contained within the nucleotide sequence spanning from about position 3325 to about position 3600 of SEQ ID NO:1. The amino acid sequence containing ACP1, represented herein as SEQ ID NO:14, is contained within the amino acid sequence spanning from about position 1109 to about position 1200 of SEQ ID NO:2. The nucleotide sequence containing ACP2, represented herein as SEQ ID NO:15, is contained within the nucleotide sequence spanning from about position 3667 to about position 3942 of SEQ ID NO:1. The amino acid sequence containing ACP2, represented herein as SEQ ID NO:16, is contained within the amino acid sequence spanning from about position 1223 to about position 1314 of SEQ ID NO:2. The nucleotide sequence containing ACP3, represented herein as SEQ ID NO:17, is contained within the nucleotide sequence spanning from about position 4015 to about position 4290 of SEQ ID NO:1. The amino acid sequence containing ACP3, represented herein as SEQ ID NO:18, is contained within the amino acid sequence spanning from about position 1339 to about position 1430 of SEQ ID NO:2. The nucleotide sequence containing ACP4, represented herein as SEQ ID NO:19, is contained within the nucleotide sequence spanning from about position 4363 to about position 4638 of SEQ ID NO:1. The amino acid sequence containing ACP4, represented herein as SEQ ID NO:20, is contained within the amino acid sequence spanning from about position 1455 to about position 1546 of SEQ ID NO:2. The nucleotide sequence containing ACP5, represented herein as SEQ ID NO:21, is contained within the nucleotide sequence spanning from about position 4711 to about position 4986 of SEQ ID NO:1. The amino acid sequence containing ACP5, represented herein as SEQ ID NO:22, is contained within the amino acid sequence spanning from about position 1571 to about position 1662 of SEQ ID NO:2. The nucleotide sequence containing ACP6, represented herein as SEQ ID NO:23, is contained within the nucleotide sequence spanning from about position 5053 to about position 5328 of SEQ ID NO:1. The amino acid sequence containing ACP6, represented herein as SEQ ID NO:24, is contained within the amino acid sequence spanning from about position 1685 to about position 1776 of SEQ ID NO:2. All six ACP domains together span a region of Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa1 of from about position 3298 to about position 5400 of SEQ ID NO:1, corresponding to amino acid positions of about 1100 to about 1800 of SEQ ID NO:2. The nucleotide sequence for the entire ACP region containing all six domains is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:11; while the amino acid sequence for the entire ACP region containing all six domains is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:12. The repeat interval for the six ACP domains within SEQ ID NO:11 was found to be approximately every 342 nucleotides (the actual number of amino acids measured between adjacent active site serines ranges from 114 to 116 amino acids). Each of the six ACP domains contains a pantetheine binding motif LGIDS* (SEQ ID NO:47) wherein S* is the pantetheine binding site serine (S). The pantetheine binding site serine (S) is located near the center of each ACP domain sequence. The locations of the active site serine residues (i.e., the pantetheine binding site) for each of the six ACPD domains, with respect to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 are: ACP1=S1152, ACP2=S1266, ACP3=S1382, ACP4=S1498, ACP5=S1614, and ACP6=S1728.

The ninth domain in Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa1 is a KR domain. The nucleotide sequence containing the sequence encoding the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa1 KR domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:25, corresponding to positions 5623-7800 of SEQ ID NO:1. The amino acid sequence containing the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa1 KR domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:26, corresponding to positions 1875-2600 of SEQ ID NO:2. Within the KR domain is a core region (contained within the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:48, and the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:49) with homology to short chain aldehyde-dehydrogenases (KR is a member of this family). This core region spans from about position 5998 to about 6900 of SEQ ID NO:1, which corresponds to amino acid positions 2000-2300 of SEQ ID NO:2.

The tenth domain in Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa1 is a DH domain. The nucleotide sequence containing the sequence encoding the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa1 DH domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:27, corresponding to positions 7027-7065 of SEQ ID NO:1. The amino acid sequence containing the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa1 DH domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:28, corresponding to positions 2343-2355 of SEQ ID NO:2. The DH domain contains a conserved active site motif (See, Donadio, S. and Katz., L., Gene 111(1): 51-60 (1992)): LxxHxxxGxxxxP (SEQ ID NO:50).

Table 4 shows the domains and active sites associated with Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA2.

TABLE 4 Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA2 Domain Analysis Domain DNA positions AA positions Sites DNA positions AA positions KS 10-1350 of SEQ 4-450 of SEQ ID DXAC* 571-573 of SEQ C191 of SEQ ID ID NO: 3 NO: 4 (SEQ ID NO: 43) ID NO: 3 NO: 4 (SEQ ID NO: 29) (SEQ ID NO: 30) End - GFGG 1312-1323 of 438-441 of SEQ (SEQ ID NO: 44) SEQ ID NO: 3 ID NO: 4 (SEQ ID NO: 51) CLF 1408-2700 of 470-900 of SEQ SEQ ID NO: 3 ID NO: 4 (SEQ ID NO: 31) (SEQ ID NO: 32) AT 2998-4200 of 1000-1400 of GxS*xG 3421-3423 of S1141 of SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 3 SEQ ID NO: 4 (SEQ ID NO: 52) SEQ ID NO: 3 NO: 4 (SEQ ID NO: 33) (SEQ ID NO: 34) ER 4498-5700 of 1500-1900 of SEQ ID NO: 3 SEQ ID NO: 4 (SEQ ID NO: 35) (SEQ ID NO: 36)

The first domain in Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa2 is a KS domain. The nucleotide sequence containing the sequence encoding the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa2 KS domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:29, corresponding to positions 10-1350 of SEQ ID NO:3. The amino acid sequence containing the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa2 KS domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:30, corresponding to positions 4-450 of SEQ ID NO:4. The KS domain contains an active site motif: DXAC* (SEQ ID NO:43), with an *acyl binding cite corresponding to C191 of SEQ ID NO:4. Also, a characteristic motif is present at the end of the KS domain: GFGG (SEQ ID NO:44), corresponding to positions 438-441 of SEQ ID NO:4 and positions 435-438 of SEQ ID NO:30.

The third domain in Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa2 is a CLF domain. The nucleotide sequence containing the sequence encoding the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa2 CLF domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:31, corresponding to positions 1408-2700 of SEQ ID NO:3. The amino acid sequence containing the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa2 CLF domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:32, corresponding to positions 470-900 of SEQ ID NO:4.

The third domain in Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa2 is an AT domain.

The nucleotide sequence containing the sequence encoding the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa2 AT domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:33, corresponding to positions 2998-4200 of SEQ ID NO:3. The amino acid sequence containing the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa2 AT domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:34, corresponding to positions 1000-1400 of SEQ ID NO:4. The AT domain contains an active site motif of G×S*×G (SEQ ID NO:52) that is characteristic of acyltransferse (AT) proteins, with an active site serine residue corresponding to 51141 of SEQ ID NO:4.

The fourth domain of Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa2 is an ER domain. The nucleotide sequence containing the sequence encoding the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa2 ER domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:35, corresponding to positions 4498-5700 of SEQ ID NO:3. The amino acid sequence containing the Pfa2 ER domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:36, corresponding to positions 1500-1900 of SEQ ID NO:4.

Table 5 shows the domains and active sites associated with Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA3.

TABLE 5 Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA3 Domain Analysis Domain DNA positions AA positions Sites DNA positions AA positions DH1 1-1350 of SEQ 1-450 of SEQ ID FxxH*F 931-933 of H310 of SEQ ID NO: 5 NO: 6 (SEQ ID NO: 53) SEQ ID NO: 5 ID NO: 6 (SEQ ID NO: 37) (SEQ ID NO: 38) DH2 1501-2700 of 501-900 of SEQ FxxH*F 2401-2403 of H801 of SEQ SEQ ID NO: 5 ID NO: 6 (SEQ ID NO: 53) SEQ ID NO: 5 ID NO: 6 (SEQ ID NO: 39) (SEQ ID NO: 40) ER 2848-4200 of 950-1400 of SEQ SEQ ID NO: 5 ID NO: 6 (SEQ ID NO: 41) (SEQ ID NO: 42)

The first and second domains of Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa3 are DH domains, referred to herein as DH1 and DH2, respectively. The nucleotide sequence containing the sequence encoding the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa3 DH1 domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:37, corresponding to positions 1-1350 of SEQ ID NO:5. The amino acid sequence containing the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa3 DH1 domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:38, corresponding to positions 1-450 of SEQ ID NO:6. The nucleotide sequence containing the sequence encoding the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa3 DH2 domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:39, corresponding to positions 1501-2700 of SEQ ID NO:5. The amino acid sequence containing the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa3 DH2 domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:40, corresponding to positions 501-900 of SEQ ID NO:6. The DH domains contain an active site motif: FxxH*F (SEQ ID NO:53). The nucleotide sequence containing the active site motif in DH1 corresponds to positions 931-933 of SEQ ID NO:5, while the nucleotide sequence containing the active site motif in DH2 corresponds to positions 2401-2403 of SEQ ID NO:5. The active site H* in the motif FxxH*F is based on data from Leesong et al., Structure 4:253-64 (1996) and Kimber et al. J Biol Chem. 279:52593-602 (2004), with the active site H* in DH1 corresponding to H310 of SEQ ID NO:6 and the active site H* in DH2 corresponding to H801 of SEQ ID NO:6.

The third domain of Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa3 is an ER domain. The nucleotide sequence containing the sequence encoding the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa3 ER domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:41, corresponding to positions 2848-4200 of SEQ ID NO:5. The amino acid sequence containing the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 Pfa3 ER domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:42, corresponding to positions 950-1400 of SEQ ID NO:6.

EXAMPLE 4

Degenerate primers for the KS, ER, and DH PUFA synthase domains were designed in order to isolate the corresponding sequences from the isolated microorganism deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-10212, also known as Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212.

Degenerate primers for the KS region of Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA1 (i.e., the region containing the KS domain) were designed based on the published PFA1 (previously termed orfA or ORF 1) sequences for Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888, Thraustochytrium aureum (ATCC 34304), and Thraustochytrium sp. 23B ATCC 20892:

prDS233 (forward):  (SEQ ID NO: 123) TGATATGGGAGGAATGAATTGTGTNGTNGAYGC prDS235 (reverse):  (SEQ ID NO: 124) TTCCATAACAAAATGATAATTAGCTCCNCCRAANCC.

Degenerate primers for the ER region of Thraustochyirium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA2 (i.e., the region containing the ER domain) were designed based on the published PFA2 (previously termed orfB or ORF 2) sequences for Shewanella japonica, Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888, Thraustochytrium aureum (ATCC 34304), and Thraustochytrium sp. 23B ATCC 20892:

prDS183 (forward):  (SEQ ID NO 125) GGCGGCCACACCGAYAAYMGNCC prDS184 (reverse):  (SEQ ID NO: 126) CGGGGCCGCACCANAYYTGRTA.

Degenerate primers for the ER region of Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA3 (i.e., the region containing the ER domain) were designed based on the published PFA3 (previously termed orfC or ORF 3) sequences for Shewanella japonica, Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888, Thraustochytrium aureum (ATCC 34304), and Thraustochytrium sp. 23B ATCC 20892:

prDS181 (forward):  (SEQ ID NO: 127) TCCTTCGGNGCNGSNGG prDS184 (reverse):  (SEQ ID NO: 126) CGGGGCCGCACCANAYYTGRTA.

Degenerate primers JGM190 (forward, SEQ ID NO:64) and BLR242 (reverse, SEQ ID NO:65), as described above, were used to amplify the DH region of PFA3 from Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212.

The PCR conditions with chromosomal DNA template were as follows: 0.2 μM dNTPs, 0.1 uM each primer, 6% DMSO, 200 ng chromosomal DNA, 2.5 U Herculase® II fusion polymerase (Stratagene), and 1× Herculase® buffer (Stratagene) in a 50 μL total volume. The PCR Protocol included the following steps: (1) 98° C. for 3 minutes; (2) 98° C. for 30 seconds; (3) 54° C. for 45 seconds; (4) 72° C. for 1 minutes; (5) repeat steps 2-4 for 40 cycles; (6) 72° C. for 5 minutes; and (7) hold at 6° C.

For all primer pairs, PCR yielded distinct DNA products with the expected sizes using chromosomal templates from Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212. The respective PCR products were cloned into the vector pJET1.2/blunt (Fermentas) according to the manufacturer's instructions, and the insert sequence was determined using supplied standard primers.

The DNA sequences obtained from the PCR products were compared with known sequences available from the NCBI GenBank as described in Example 1.

At the amino acid level, the sequences with the highest level of homology to deduced amino acid sequence derived from the cloned DNA containing the KS fragment from PFA1 from Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 were: Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 “polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase subunit A” (Identity=80%; positives=90%); Shewanella benthica KT99 “omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase PfaA” (Identity=51%; positives=67%); Shewanella loihica PV-4 “beta-ketoacyl synthase” (Identity=50%; positives=67%); Shewanella woodyi ATCC 51908 “polyketide-type polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase PfaA” (Identity=51%; positives=66%).

At the amino acid level, the sequences with the highest level of homology to deduced amino acid sequence derived from the cloned DNA containing the ER fragment from PFA2 from Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 were: Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 “polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase subunit B” (Identity=70%; positives=85%); Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 “polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase subunit C” (Identity=66%; positives=83%); Nodularia spumigena CCY9414 “2-nitropropane dioxygenase” (Identity=57%; positives=74%); Moritella sp. PE36 “polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase PfaD” (Identity=57%; positives=71%).

At the amino acid level, the sequences with the highest level of homology to deduced amino acid sequence derived from the cloned DNA containing the ER fragment from PFA3 from Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 were: Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 “polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase subunit C” (Identity=80%; positives=90%); Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 “polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase subunit B” (Identity=78%; positives=89%); Moritella sp. PE36 “polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase PfaD” (Identity=56%; positives=71%); Shewanella amazonensis SB2B “omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase PfaD” (Identity=55%; positives=73%).

At the amino acid level, the sequences with the highest level of homology to deduced amino acid sequence derived from the cloned DNA containing the DH fragment from PFA3 from Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 were: Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 “polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase subunit C” (Identity=63%; positives=76%); Shewanella pealeana ATCC 700345 “Beta-hydroxyacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) dehydratase FabA/FabZ” (Identity=35%; positives=53%); Shewanella piezotolerans WP3 “Multi-domain beta-ketoacyl synthase” (Identity=36%; positives=52%); Shewanella benthica KT99 “omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase PfaC” (Identity=35%; positives=51%).

EXAMPLE 5

PUFA synthase genes were identified from Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212.

From a−80° C. cyrovial, 1 mL of cells were thawed at room temperature and added to 50 mL of liquid HSFM media (below) in a 250 mL non-baffled flask. The flask was incubated at 23° C. for 3 days. Cells were collected and utilized for standard Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library construction (Lucigen Corporation, Middleton, Wis. USA).

TABLE 6 HSFM Media Ingredient concentration ranges Na₂SO₄ g/L 31.0 0-50, 15-45, or 25-35 NaCl g/L 0.625 0-25, 0.1-10, or 0.5-5 KCl g/L 1.0 0-5, 0.25-3, or 0.5-2 MgSO₄•7H₂O g/L 5.0 0-10, 2-8, or 3-6 (NH₄)₂SO₄ g/L 0.44 0-10, 0.25-5, or 0.05-3 MSG*1H₂O g/L 6.0 0-10, 4-8, or 5-7 CaCl₂ g/L 0.29 0.1-5, 0.15-3, or 0.2-1 T 154 (yeast extract) g/L 6.0 0-20, 0.1-10, or 1-7 KH₂PO₄ g/L 0.8 0.1-10, 0.5-5, or 0.6-1.8 Post autoclave (Metals) Citric acid mg/L 3.5 0.1-5000, 10-3000, or 3-2500 FeSO₄•7H₂O mg/L 10.30 0.1-100, 1-50, or 5-25 MnCl₂•4H₂O mg/L 3.10 0.1-100, 1-50, or 2-25 ZnSO₄•7H₂O mg/L 3.10 0.01-100, 1-50, or 2-25 CoCl₂•6H₂O mg/L 0.04 0-1, 0.001-0.1, or 0.01-0.1 Na₂MoO₄•2H₂O mg/L 0.04 0.001-1, 0.005-0.5, or 0.01-0.1 CuSO₄•5H₂O mg/L 2.07 0.1-100, 0.5-50, or 1-25 NiSO₄•6H₂O mg/L 2.07 0.1-100, 0.5-50, or 1-25 Post autoclave (Vitamins) Thiamine mg/L 9.75 0.1-100, 1-50, or 5-25 Vitamin B12 mg/L 0.16 0.01-100, 0.05-5, or 0.1-1 Ca½-pantothenate mg/L 2.06 0.1-100, 0.1-50, or 1-10 Biotin mg/L 3.21 0.1-100, 0.1-50, or 1-10 Post autoclave (Carbon) Glycerol g/L 30.0 5-150, 10-100, or 20-50 Nitrogen Feed: MSG•1H₂O g/L 17 0-150, 10-100, or 15-50

Typical cultivation conditions would include the following:

-   pH about 6.5-about 9.5, about 6.5-about 8.0, or about 6.8-about 7.8; -   temperature: about 15-about 30 degrees Celsius, about 18-about 28     degrees Celsius, or about 21 to about 23 degrees Celsius; -   dissolved oxygen: about 0.1-about 100% saturation, about 5-about 50%     saturation, or about 10-about 30% saturation; and/or -   glycerol controlled @: about 5-about 50 g/L, about 10-about 40 g/L,     or about 15-about 35 g/L.

The recombinant BAC libraries, consisting of large fragments (average of approximately 120 kB) were handled according to the manufacturer's instructions in the BAC vector pSMART® (Lucigen Corporation). The BAC libraries were screened by standard colony hybridization procedures using ³²P radioactively labeled probes (Sambrook J. and Russell D. 2001. Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual, 3rd edition. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). The probes contained DNA homologous to published PUFA synthase sequences from other organisms as described in Example 4. These probes were generated by a DNA restriction digest of the cloned fragments from respective clones from pJET1.2/blunt described above and labeled by standard methods. In all cases, strong hybridization of the individual probes to certain BACs indicated clones containing DNA homologous to PUFA synthase genes.

BAC clone pLR130 (also known as LuMaBAC 2M23) demonstrated strong hybridization of probe to both the KS region and ER region, indicating that it contained the PFA1 and PFA2 genes, and was selected for DNA sequencing of the Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA1 and PFA2 genes. The BAC was sequenced by standard procedures (Eurofins MWG Operon, Huntsville, Ala.). BAC clone pLR130, containing the PFA1 and PFA2 genes, was deposited under the Budapest Treaty, at the American Type Culture Collection, Patent Depository, 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, on Dec. 1, 2009, and given ATCC Accession No. PTA-10511.

In previously published thraustochytrid PUFA synthase systems, the PUFA synthase genes PFA1 and PFA2 have been clustered together and arranged as to be divergently transcribed. This is also the case for PFA1 and PFA2 from Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212. The conceptual start of PFA2 was found to be 693 nucleotides from the start of PFA1 and divergently transcribed.

BAC clone pDS127 (also known as LuMaBAC 9K17) demonstrated strong hybridization of probe to both the DH region and ER region of PFA3 and was selected for DNA sequencing of the PFA3 gene. BAC clone pDS127, containing the PFA3 gene, was deposited under the Budapest Treaty, at the American Type Culture Collection, Patent Depository, 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, on Dec. 1, 2009, and given ATCC Accession No. PTA-10510. Sequencing primers were designed using standard methods to the DH region and ER region and the DNA sequence determined in Example 4. To determine the DNA sequence of the Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA3 gene, successive rounds of DNA sequencing, involving subsequent sequencing primer design by standard methods, was carried out in order to “walk” the BAC clone. Each nucleotide base pair of the PFA3 gene was covered by at least two separate DNA sequencing reactions of high-quality with at least a minimum aggregated Phred score of 40 (confidence level of 99.99%).

Table 7 shows identities for the Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA1 (SEQ ID NO:68), PFA2 (SEQ ID NO:70), and PFA3 (SEQ ID NO:72) polynucleotide sequences as compared to previously published sequences and the sequences from Schizochytrium sp. PTA-9695. Identities were determined by the scoring matrix “swgapdnamt” within the “AlignX” program of the VectorNTI program, a standard for DNA alignment.

TABLE 7 Percent Identity to PFA1, PFA2, and PFA3 Polynucleotide Sequences % Identity % Identity % Identity Source of Comparison of Comparison of Comparison of Comparison PFA1, PFA2, PFA1 (orfA) to PFA2 (orfB) to PFA3 (orfC) to and PFA3 Sequences PFA1 PFA2 PFA3 Schizochytrium sp. 55 54 59 ATCC 20888 Thraustochytrium 55 53 not published aureum ATCC 34304 Thraustochytrium sp. 55 57 62 23B ATCC 20892 Schizochytrium sp. 55 52 59 PTA-9695

Table 8 shows identities for the Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa1p (SEQ ID NO:69), Pfa2p (SEQ ID NO:71), and Pfa3p (SEQ ID NO:73) amino acid sequences as compared to previously published PUFA synthase amino acid sequences and the sequences from Schizochytrium sp. PTA-9695. Identities were determined through use of the scoring matrix “blosum62mt2” within the “AlignX” program of the VectorNTI program, a standard for protein alignment.

TABLE 8 Percent Identity to Pfa1p, Pfa2p, and Pfa3p Amino Acid Sequences % Identity % Identity % Identity Source of Comparison of Comparison of Comparison of Comparison Pfa1p, Pfa2p Pfa1p (OrfA) Pfa2p (OrfB) Pfa3p (OrfC) and Pfa3p Sequences to Pfa1p to Pfa2p to Pfa3p Schizochytrium sp. 62 57 69 ATCC 20888 Thraustochytrium 58 54 not published aureum ATCC 34304 Thraustochytrium sp. 54 54 71 23B ATCC 20892 Schizochytrium sp. 59 53 73 PTA-9695

EXAMPLE 6

Domain analysis was performed to annotate the sequence coordinates for the PUFA synthase domains and active sites of Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA1, PFA2, and PFA3, respectively. Domains were identified based on homology to known PUFA synthase, fatty acid synthase, and polyketide synthase domains.

Table 9 shows the domains and active sites associated with Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA1.

TABLE 9 Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA1 Domain Analysis Domain DNA position AA position Sites DNA position AA position KS 13-1362 of SEQ 5-545 of SEQ ID Active - DXAC* 601-612 of SEQ C204 of SEQ ID ID NO: 68 NO: 69 (SEQ ID NO: 43) ID NO: 68 NO: 69 (SEQ ID NO: 74) (SEQ ID NO: 75) End - GFGG 1351-1362 of 451-454 of SEQ (SEQ ID NO: 44) SEQ ID NO: 68 ID NO: 69 (SEQ ID NO: 45) MAT 1783-2703 of 595-901 of SEQ Active GHS*LG 2083-2085 of S695 of SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 68 ID NO: 69 (SEQ ID NO: 46) SEQ ID NO: 68 NO: 69 (SEQ ID NO: 76) (SEQ ID NO: 77) (SEQ ID NO: 116) ACP 3208-6510 of 1070-2170 of ACP1 domain 3280-3534 of 1094-1178 of SEQ ID NO: 68 SEQ ID NO: 69 SEQ ID NO: 68 SEQ ID NO: 69 (SEQ ID NO: 78) (SEQ ID NO: 79) (SEQ ID NO: 80) (SEQ ID NO: 81) ACP1 Active 3403-3405 of S1135 of SEQ LGIDS* SEQ ID NO: 68 ID NO: 69 (SEQ ID NO: 47) ACP2 domain 3607-3861 of 1203-1287 of SEQ ID NO: 68 SEQ ID NO: 69 (SEQ ID NO: 82) (SEQ ID NO: 83) ACP2 Active 3730-3732 of S1244 of SEQ LGIDS* SEQ ID NO: 68 ID NO: 69 (SEQ ID NO: 47) ACP3 domain 3934-4185 of 1312-1396 of SEQ ID NO: 68 SEQ ID NO: 69 (SEQ ID NO: 84) (SEQ ID NO: 85) ACP3 Active 4057-4059 of S1353 of SEQ LGIDS* SEQ ID NO: 68 ID NO: 69 (SEQ ID NO: 47) ACP4 domain 4261-4515 of 1421-1505 of SEQ ID NO: 68 SEQ ID NO: 69 (SEQ ID NO: 86) (SEQ ID NO: 87) ACP4 Active 4384-4386 of S1462 of SEQ LGIDS* SEQ ID NO: 68 ID NO: 69 (SEQ ID NO: 47) ACP5 domain 4589-4842 of 1530-1614 of SEQ ID NO: 68 SEQ ID NO: 69 (SEQ ID NO: 88) (SEQ ID NO: 89) ACP5 Active 4711-4713 of S1571 of SEQ LGIDS* SEQ ID NO: 68 ID NO: 69 (SEQ ID NO: 47) ACP6 domain 4915-5169 of 1639-1723 of SEQ ID NO: 68 SEQ ID NO: 69 (SEQ ID NO: 90) (SEQ ID NO: 91) ACP6 Active 5038-5040 of S1680 of SEQ LGIDS* SEQ ID NO: 68 ID NO: 69 (SEQ ID NO: 47) ACP7 domain 5242-5496 of 1748-1832 of SEQ ID NO: 68 SEQ ID NO: 69 (SEQ ID NO: 92) (SEQ ID NO: 93) ACP7 Active 5365-5367 of S1789 of SEQ LGIDS* SEQ ID NO: 68 ID NO: 69 (SEQ ID NO: 47) ACP8 domain 5569-5823 of 1857-1941 of SEQ ID NO: 68 SEQ ID NO: 69 (SEQ ID NO: 94) (SEQ ID NO: 95) ACP8 Active 5692-5694 of S1898 of SEQ LGIDS* SEQ ID NO: 68 ID NO: 69 (SEQ ID NO: 47) ACP9 domain 5896-6150 of 1966-2050 of SEQ ID NO: 68 SEQ ID NO: 69 (SEQ ID NO: 96) (SEQ ID NO: 97) ACP9 Active 6019-6021 of S2007 of SEQ LGIDS* SEQ ID NO: 68 ID NO: 69 (SEQ ID NO: 47) ACP10 domain 6199-6453 of 2067-2151 of SEQ ID NO: 68 SEQ ID NO: 69 (SEQ ID NO: 98) (SEQ ID NO: 99) ACP10 Active 6322-6324 of S2108 of SEQ LGIDS* SEQ ID NO: 68 ID NO: 69 (SEQ ID NO: 47) KR 6808-8958 of 2270-2986 of “core region” 7198-8100 of 2400-2600 of SEQ ID NO: 68 SEQ ID NO: 69 SEQ ID NO: 68 SEQ ID NO: 69 (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID NO: 100) NO: 101) NO: 116) NO: 117) DH 8203-8241 of 2735-2747 of LxxHxxxGxxxxP 8203-8241 of 2735-2747 of Motif SEQ ID NO: 68 SEQ ID NO: 69 (SEQ ID NO: 50) SEQ ID NO: 68 SEQ ID NO: 69 (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID (SEQ ID NO: 118) NO: 119) NO: 118) NO: 119)

The first domain in Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa1 is a KS domain. The nucleotide sequence containing the sequence encoding the Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa1 KS domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:74, corresponding to positions 13-1362 of SEQ ID NO:68. The amino acid sequence containing the Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa1 KS domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:75, corresponding to positions 5-454 of SEQ ID NO:69. The KS domain contains an active site motif: DXAC* (SEQ ID NO:43), with an *acyl binding cite corresponding to C204 of SEQ ID NO:69. Also, a characteristic motif is present at the end of the KS domain: GFGG (SEQ ID NO:44), corresponding to positions 451-454 of SEQ ID NO:69 and positions 447-450 of SEQ ID NO:75.

The second domain in Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa1 is a MAT domain. The nucleotide sequence containing the sequence encoding the Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa1 MAT domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:76, corresponding to positions 1783-2703 of SEQ ID NO:68. The amino acid sequence containing the Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa1 MAT domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:77, corresponding to positions 595-901 of SEQ ID NO:69. The MAT domain contains an active site motif: GHS*XG (SEQ ID NO:46), with an *acyl binding cite corresponding to 5695 of SEQ ID NO:69.

The third through twelfth domains of Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa1p are ten tandem ACP domains, also referred to herein as ACP1, ACP2, ACP3, ACP4, ACP5, ACP6, ACP7, ACP8, ACP9, and ACP10. The nucleotide sequence containing the first ACP domain, ACP1, is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:80 and is contained within the nucleotide sequence spanning from about position 3280 to about position 3534 of SEQ ID NO:68. The amino acid sequence containing ACP1, represented herein as SEQ ID NO:81, is contained within the amino acid sequence spanning from about position 1094 to about position 1178 of SEQ ID NO:69. The nucleotide sequence containing ACP2, represented herein as SEQ ID NO:82, is contained within the nucleotide sequence spanning from about position 3607 to about position 3861 of SEQ ID NO:68. The amino acid sequence containing ACP2, represented herein as SEQ ID NO:83, is contained within the amino acid sequence spanning from about position 1203 to about position 1287 of SEQ ID NO:69. The nucleotide sequence containing ACP3, represented herein as SEQ ID NO:84, is contained within the nucleotide sequence spanning from about position 3934 to about position 4185 of SEQ ID NO:68. The amino acid sequence containing ACP3, represented herein as SEQ ID NO:85, is contained within the amino acid sequence spanning from about position 1312 to about position 1396 of SEQ ID NO:69. The nucleotide sequence containing ACP4, represented herein as SEQ ID NO:86, is contained within the nucleotide sequence spanning from about position 4261 to about position 4515 of SEQ ID NO:68. The amino acid sequence containing ACP4, represented herein as SEQ ID NO:87, is contained within the amino acid sequence spanning from about position 1421 to about position 1505 of SEQ ID NO:69. The nucleotide sequence containing ACP5, represented herein as SEQ ID NO:88, is contained within the nucleotide sequence spanning from about position 4589 to about position 4842 of SEQ ID NO:68. The amino acid sequence containing ACP5, represented herein as SEQ ID NO:89, is contained within the amino acid sequence spanning from about position 1530 to about position 1614 of SEQ ID NO:69. The nucleotide sequence containing ACP6, represented herein as SEQ ID NO:90, is contained within the nucleotide sequence spanning from about position 4915 to about position 5169 of SEQ ID NO:68. The amino acid sequence containing ACP6, represented herein as SEQ ID NO:91, is contained within the amino acid sequence spanning from about position 1639 to about position 1723 of SEQ ID NO:69. The nucleotide sequence containing ACP7, represented herein as SEQ ID NO:92, is contained within the nucleotide sequence spanning from about position 5242 to about position 5496 of SEQ ID NO:68. The amino acid sequence containing ACP7, represented herein as SEQ ID NO:93, is contained within the amino acid sequence spanning from about position 1748 to about position 1832 of SEQ ID NO:69. The nucleotide sequence containing ACP8, represented herein as SEQ ID NO:94, is contained within the nucleotide sequence spanning from about position 5569 to about position 5832 of SEQ ID NO:68. The amino acid sequence containing ACP8, represented herein as SEQ ID NO:95, is contained within the amino acid sequence spanning from about position 1857 to about position 1941 of SEQ ID NO:69. The nucleotide sequence containing ACP9, represented herein as SEQ ID NO:96, is contained within the nucleotide sequence spanning from about position 5896 to about position 6150 of SEQ ID NO:68. The amino acid sequence containing ACP9, represented herein as SEQ ID NO:97, is contained within the amino acid sequence spanning from about position 1966 to about position 2050 of SEQ ID NO:69. The nucleotide sequence containing ACP10, represented herein as SEQ ID NO:98, is contained within the nucleotide sequence spanning from about position 6199 to about position 6453 of SEQ ID NO:68. The amino acid sequence containing ACP10, represented herein as SEQ ID NO:99, is contained within the amino acid sequence spanning from about position 2067 to about position 2151 of SEQ ID NO:69. All ten ACP domains together span a region of Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa1 of from about position 3208 to about position 6510 of SEQ ID NO:68, corresponding to amino acid positions of about 1070 to about 2170 of SEQ ID NO:69. The nucleotide sequence for the entire ACP region containing all 10 domains is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:78; while the amino acid sequence for the entire ACP region containing all six domains is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:79. The repeat interval for the 10 ACP domains within SEQ ID NO:78 was found to be approximately every 327 nucleotides (the actual number of amino acids measured between adjacent active site serines ranges from 101 to 109 amino acids). Each of the ten ACP domains contains a pantetheine binding motif LGIDS* (SEQ ID NO:47) wherein S* is the pantetheine binding site serine (S). The pantetheine binding site serine (S) is located near the center of each ACP domain sequence. The locations of the active site serine residues (i.e., the pantetheine binding site) for each of the six ACPD domains, with respect to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:69 are: ACP1=S1135, ACP2=S1244, ACP3=S1353, ACP4=S1462, ACP5=S1571, ACP6=S1680, APC7=S1789, ACP7=S1789, ACP8=S1898, ACP9=S=2007, and ACP10=S2108.

The thirteenth domain in Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa1 is a KR domain. The nucleotide sequence containing the sequence encoding the Pfa1 KR domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:100, corresponding to positions 6808-8958 of SEQ ID NO:68. The amino acid sequence containing the Pfa1 KR domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:101, corresponding to positions 2270-2986 of SEQ ID NO:69. Within the KR domain is a core region (contained within the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:116, and the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:117) with homology to short chain aldehyde-dehydrogenases (KR is a member of this family). This core region spans from about position 5998 to about 6900 of SEQ ID NO:68, which corresponds to amino acid positions 2000-2300 of SEQ ID NO:69.

The fourteenth domain in Thraustochyirium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa1 is a DH domain. The nucleotide sequence containing the sequence encoding the Pfa1 DH domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:118, corresponding to positions 7027-7065 of SEQ ID NO:68. The amino acid sequence containing the Pfa1 DH domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:119, corresponding to positions 2343-2355 of SEQ ID NO:69. The DH domain contains a conserved active site motif (see, Donadio, S. and Katz., L., Gene 111(1): 51-60 (1992)): LxxHxxxGxxxxP (SEQ ID NO:50).

Table 10 shows the domains and active sites associated with Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA2.

TABLE 10 Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA2 Domain Analysis Domain DNA positions AA positions Sites DNA positions AA positions KS 10-1320 of SEQ 4-440 of SEQ ID DXAC* 571-573 of SEQ C191 of SEQ ID ID NO: 70 NO: 71 (SEQ ID NO: 43) ID NO: 70 NO: 71 (SEQ ID (SEQ ID NO: 102) NO: 103) End - GFGG 1267-1278 of 423-426 of SEQ (SEQ ID NO: 44) SEQ ID NO: 70 ID NO: 71 CLF 1378-2700 of 460-900 of SEQ SEQ ID NO: 70 ID NO: 71 (SEQ ID (SEQ ID NO: 104) NO: 105) AT 2848-4200 of 950-1400 of SEQ GxS*xG 3361-3363 of S1121 of SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 70 ID NO: 71 (SEQ ID NO: 52) SEQ ID NO: 70 NO: 71 (SEQ ID (SEQ ID NO: 106) NO: 107) ER 4498-5700 of 1500-1900 of SEQ ID NO: 70 SEQ ID NO: 71 (SEQ ID (SEQ ID NO: 108) NO: 109)

The first domain in Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa2 is a KS domain. The nucleotide sequence containing the sequence encoding the Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa2 KS domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:102, corresponding to positions 10-1320 of SEQ ID NO:70. The amino acid sequence containing the Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa2 KS domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:103, corresponding to positions 4-440 of SEQ ID NO:71. The KS domain contains an active site motif: DXAC* (SEQ ID NO:43), with an *acyl binding cite corresponding to C191 of SEQ ID NO:71. Also, a characteristic motif is present at the end of the KS domain: GFGG (SEQ ID NO:44), corresponding to positions 423-426 of SEQ ID NO:71 and positions 1267-1278 of SEQ ID NO:70.

The second domain in Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa2 is a CLF domain. The nucleotide sequence containing the sequence encoding the Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa2 CLF domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:104, corresponding to positions 1378-2700 of SEQ ID NO:70. The amino acid sequence containing the Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa2 CLF domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:105, corresponding to positions 460-900 of SEQ ID NO:71.

The third domain in Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa2 is an AT domain. The nucleotide sequence containing the sequence encoding the Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa2 AT domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:106, corresponding to positions 2848-4200 of SEQ ID NO:70. The amino acid sequence containing the Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa2 AT domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:107, corresponding to positions 950-1400 of SEQ ID NO:71. The AT domain contains an active site motif of GxS*xG (SEQ ID NO:50) that is characteristic of acyltransferse (AT) proteins, with an active site serine residue corresponding to 51121 of SEQ ID NO:71.

The fourth domain of Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa2 is an ER domain. The nucleotide sequence containing the sequence encoding the Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa2 ER domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:108, corresponding to positions 4498-5700 of SEQ ID NO:70. The amino acid sequence containing the Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa2 ER domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:109, corresponding to positions 1500-1900 of SEQ ID NO:71.

Table 11 shows the domains and active sites associated with Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA3.

TABLE 11 Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA3 Domain Analysis DNA Domain DNA positions AA positions Sites positions AA positions DH1 1-1350 of SEQ 1-450 of SEQ ID FxxH*F 934-936 of H312 of SEQ ID NO: 72 NO: 73 (SEQ ID NO: 53) SEQ ID ID NO: 73 (SEQ ID (SEQ ID NO: 111) NO: 72 NO: 110) DH2 1501-2700 of 501-900 of SEQ FxxH*F 2401-2403 of H801 of SEQ SEQ ID NO: 72 ID NO: 73 (SEQ ID NO: 53) SEQ ID ID NO: 73 (SEQ ID (SEQ ID NO: 113) NO: 72 NO: 112) ER 2848-4212 of 950-1404 of SEQ SEQ ID NO: 72 ID NO: 73 (SEQ ID (SEQ ID NO: 115) NO: 114)

The first and second domains of Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa3 are DH domains, referred to herein as DH1 and DH2, respectively. The nucleotide sequence containing the sequence encoding the Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa3 DH1 domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:110, corresponding to positions 1-1350 of SEQ ID NO:72. The amino acid sequence containing the Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa3 DH1 domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:111, corresponding to positions 1-450 of SEQ ID NO:73. The nucleotide sequence containing the sequence encoding the Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa3 DH2 domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:112, corresponding to positions 1501-2700 of SEQ ID NO:72. The amino acid sequence containing the Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa3 DH2 domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:113, corresponding to positions 501-900 of SEQ ID NO:73. The DH domains contain an active site motif: FxxH*F (SEQ ID NO:53). The nucleotide sequence containing the active site motif in DH1 corresponds to positions 934-936 of SEQ ID NO:72, while the nucleotide sequence containing the active site motif in DH2 corresponds to positions 2401-2403 of SEQ ID NO:72. The active site H* in the motif FxxH*F is based on data from Leesong et al., Structure 4:253-64 (1996) and Kimber et al. J Biol Chem. 279:52593-602 (2004), with the active site H* in DH1 corresponding to H312 of SEQ ID NO:73 and the active site H* in DH2 corresponding to H801 of SEQ ID NO:73.

The third domain of Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa3 is an ER domain. The nucleotide sequence containing the sequence encoding the Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa3 ER domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:114, corresponding to positions 2848-4200 of SEQ ID NO:72. The amino acid sequence containing the Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 Pfa3 ER domain is represented herein as SEQ ID NO:115, corresponding to positions 950-1400 of SEQ ID NO:73.

EXAMPLE 7

The inactivation of native PUFA synthase genes in Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888, to generate PUFA auxotrophs, and the replacement of such inactivated genes with exogenously introduced homologous genes to restore PUFA synthesis has been previously demonstrated and described. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,217,856, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The three PUFA synthase genes from Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 have been previously termed orfA, orfB, and orfC, corresponding to the PFA1, PFA2, and PFA3 nomenclature used herein, respectively. Id.

The native orfA gene in Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 was replaced by homologous recombination following transformation with a vector containing the Zeocin™ resistance marker surrounded by sequences from the orfA flanking region. A mutant strain was generated lacking a functional orfA gene. The mutant strain was auxotrophic and required PUFA supplementation for growth.

Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA1 (SEQ ID NO:1) was cloned into expression vector pREZ37 to generate pREZ345. The expression vector contained approximately 2 kb of DNA from the flanking region of the native orfA gene locus from Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888. The Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 mutant lacking functional orfA was transformed via electroporation with enzyme pretreatment (see below) with pREZ345 containing PFA1. Based on homologous regions flanking the Zeocin™ resistance marker in the mutant and flanking the PFA1 gene in pREZ345, double-crossover recombination occurred such that PFA1 was inserted into the native orfA locus. Recombination with Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA1 (SEQ ID NO:1) restored PUFA production in the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 mutant lacking orfA. In brief, cells were grown in M2B liquid media (see following paragraph) at 30° C. with 200 rpm shaking for 3 days. Cells were harvested and the fatty acids were converted to methyl-esters using standard techniques. Fatty acid profiles were determined using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The native Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 strain containing a functional orfA gene produced DHA and DPA n-6 in a ratio of 2.3:1. The recombinant strain containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA1 (SEQ ID NO:1) in place of the inactivated orfA gene also produced DHA and DPA n-6 in a ratio of 2.4:1. The EPA content of the recombinant strain was 2.7% of fatty acid methyl-esters (FAME), the DPA n-3 content was 0.7%, the DPA n-6 content was 8.8%, and the DHA content was 21.2%.

M2B Medium—

10 g/L glucose, 0.8 g/L (NH₄)₂SO₄, 5 g/L Na₂SO₄, 2 g/L MgSO₄.7H₂O, 0.5 g/L KH₂PO₄, 0.5 g/L KCl, 0.1 g/L CaCl₂.2H₂O, 0.1 M MES (pH 6.0) 0.1% PB26 metals, and 0.1% PB26 Vitamins (v/v). PB26 vitamins consisted of 50 mg/mL vitamin B12, 100 μg/mL thiamine, and 100 μg/mL Ca-pantothenate. PB26 metals were adjusted to pH 4.5 and consisted of 3 g/L FeSO₄.7H₂O, 1 g/L MnCl₂.4H₂O, 800 mg/mL ZnSO₄.7H₂O, 20 mg/mL CoCl₂.6H₂O, 10 mg/mL Na₂MoO₄.2H₂O, 600 mg/mL CuSO₄.5H₂O, and 800 mg/mL NiSO₄.6H₂O. PB26 stock solutions were filter-sterilized separately and added to the broth after autoclaving. Glucose, KH₂PO₄, and CaCl₂.2H₂O were each autoclaved separately from the remainder of the broth ingredients before mixing to prevent salt precipitation and carbohydrate caramelizing. All medium ingredients were purchased from Sigma Chemical (St. Louis, Mo.).

Electroporation with Enzyme Pretreatment—

Cells were grown in 50 mL of M50-20 media (see U.S. Publ. No. 2008/0022422) on a shaker at 200 rpm for 2 days at 30° C. The cells were diluted at 1:100 into M2B media and grown overnight (16-24 h), attempting to reach mid-log phase growth (OD600 of 1.5-2.5). The cells were centrifuged in a 50 mL conical tube for 5 min at about 3000×g. The supernatant was removed and the cells were resuspended in 1 M mannitol, pH 5.5, in a suitable volume to reach a final concentration of 2 OD₆₀₀ units. 5 mL of cells were aliquoted into a 25 mL shaker flask and amended with 10 mM CaCl₂ (1.0 M stock, filter sterilized) and 0.25 mg/mL Protease XIV (10 mg/mL stock, filter sterilized; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.). Flasks were incubated on a shaker at 30° C. and about 100 rpm for 4 h. Cells were monitored under the microscope to determine the degree of protoplasting, with single cells desired. The cells were centrifuged for 5 min at about 2500×g in round-bottom tubes (i.e., 14 mL Falcon™ tubes, BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif.). The supernatant was removed and the cells were gently resuspended with 5 mL of ice cold 10% glycerol. The cells were re-centrifuged for 5 min at about 2500×g in round-bottom tubes. The supernatant was removed and the cells were gently resuspended with 500 μL of ice cold 10% glycerol, using wide-bore pipette tips. 90 μL of cells were aliquoted into a prechilled electro-cuvette (Gene Pulser® cuvette—0.1 cm gap or 0.2 cm gap, Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.). One pg to 5 μg of DNA (in less than or equal to a 10 μL volume) was added to the cuvette, mixed gently with a pipette tip, and placed on ice for 5 min. Cells were electroporated at 200 ohms (resistance), 25 μF (capacitance), and either 250V (for 0.1 cm gap) or 500V (0.2 cm gap). 0.5 mL of M50-20 media was added immediately to the cuvette. The cells were then transferred to 4.5 mL of M50-20 media in a 25 mL shaker flask and incubated for 2-3 h at 30° C. and about 100 rpm on a shaker. The cells were centrifuged for 5 min at about 2500×g in round bottom tubes. The supernatant was removed and the cell pellet was resuspended in 0.5 mL of M50-20 media. Cells were plated onto an appropriate number (2 to 5) of M2B plates with appropriate selection and incubated at 30° C.

The Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 mutant lacking functional orfA is also transformed with pREZ345 containing PFA1, such that PFA1 is randomly integrated in the mutant and restores PUFA production.

EXAMPLE 8

Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA1 (SEQ ID NO:68) was re-synthesized (DNA2.0) and codon-optimized for expression in Schizochytrium (SEQ ID NO:120) and was cloned into an expression vector to generate pLR95. Codon-optimization occurred using the Schizochytrium codon usage table in FIG. 22. The expression vector contained approximately 2 kb of DNA from the flanking region of the native orfA gene locus from Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888.

The Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 mutant lacking functional orfA from Example 7 was transformed via electroporation with enzyme pretreatment (See Example 7) with pLR95 containing codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA1 (SEQ ID NO:120). Based on homologous regions flanking the Zeocin™ resistance marker in the mutant and flanking the PFA1 gene in pLR95, double-crossover recombination occurred such that codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA1 was inserted into the native orfA locus. Recombination with codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA1 (SEQ ID NO:120) restored PUFA production in the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 mutant lacking orfA. Cells were grown and analyzed for FAMEs as described in Example 7. The native Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 strain containing a functional orfA gene produced DHA and EPA in a ratio of 25:1. The recombinant strain containing codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA1 (SEQ ID NO:120) in place of the inactivated orfA gene produced DHA and EPA in a ratio of 5.4:1, further demonstrating that the PUFA profile of Schizochytrium can be altered by the nucleic acid molecules described herein. The EPA content of the recombinant strain was 4.4% of FAME, the DPA n-3 content was 2.3%, the DPA n-6 content was 4.9%, and the DHA content was 24.0%.

The Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 mutant lacking functional orfA is also transformed with pLR95 containing PFA1, such that PFA1 is randomly integrated in the mutant and restores PUFA production.

EXAMPLE 9

The native orfB gene in Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 was replaced by homologous recombination following transformation via electroporation with enzyme pretreatment (See Example 7) with a vector containing the Zeocin™ resistance marker surrounded by sequences from the orfB flanking region. A mutant strain was generated lacking a functional orfB gene. The mutant strain was auxotrophic and required PUFA supplementation for growth.

Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA2 (SEQ ID NO:3) was cloned into expression vector pDS04 to generate pREZ331. The expression vector contained approximately 2 kb of DNA from the flanking region of the native orfB gene locus from Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888.

The Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 mutant lacking functional orfB was transformed with pREZ331 containing PFA2. Based on random integration in the mutant, PUFA production was restored by Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA2 (SEQ ID NO:3). Cells were grown and analyzed for FAMEs as described in Example 7. The native Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 strain containing a functional orfB gene produced DHA and DPA n-6 in a ratio of 2.3:1. The recombinant strain containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA2 (SEQ ID NO:3) as a replacement of the inactivated orJB gene produced DHA and DPA n-6 in a ratio of 3.5:1. The EPA content of the recombinant strain was 0.8% of FAME, the DPA n-3 content was 0.1%, the DPA n-6 content was 7.1%, and the DHA content was 25.1%.

The Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 mutant lacking functional orfB is also transformed with pREZ331 containing PFA2, such that PFA2 is inserted into the native orfB locus and restores PUFA production.

EXAMPLE 10

Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA2 (SEQ ID NO:70) was re-synthesized (DNA2.0) and codon-optimized for expression in Schizochytrium (SEQ ID NO:121) and was cloned into an expression vector to generate pLR85. Codon-optimization occurred using the Schizochytrium codon usage table in FIG. 22. The expression vector contained approximately 2 kb of DNA from the flanking region of the native orfB gene locus from Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888.

Replacement of orf genes was also studied in a daughter strain of Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 having improved DHA productivity. The native orfB gene in the daughter strain was replaced by homologous recombination following transformation via electroporation with enzyme pretreatment (See Example 7) with a vector containing the Zeocin™ resistance marker surrounded by sequences from the orfB flanking region. A mutant strain was generated lacking a functional orfB gene. The mutant strain was auxotrophic and required PUFA supplementation for growth. The mutant strain was transformed via electroporation with enzyme pretreatment (see Example 8) with pLR85 containing codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA2 (SEQ ID NO:121). Based on homologous regions flanking the Zeocin™ resistance marker in the mutant and flanking the PFA2 gene in pLR85, double-crossover recombination occured such that codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA2 (SEQ ID NO:121) was inserted into the native orfB locus of the mutant strain. Recombination with codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA2 (SEQ ID NO:121) restored PUFA production in the daughter strain mutant lacking orfB. Cells were grown and analyzed for FAMEs as described in Example 7. The EPA content of the recombinant strain was 1.0% of FAME, the DPA n-3 content was 0.3%, the DPA n-6 content was 7.0%, and the DHA content was 31.0%.

In an experiment to be performed, the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 mutant lacking functional orfB from Example 9 is transformed via electroporation with enzyme pretreatment (see Example 8) with pLR85 containing codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA2 (SEQ ID NO:121). Based on homologous regions flanking the Zeocin™ resistance marker in the mutant and flanking the PFA2 gene in pLR85, double-crossover recombination occurs such that codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA2 (SEQ ID NO:121) is inserted into the native orfB locus. Recombination with codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA2 (SEQ ID NO:121) restores PUFA production in the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 mutant lacking orfB.

The Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 and daughter strain mutants lacking functional orJB are also transformed with pLR85 containing PFA2, such that PFA2 is randomly integrated in the mutants and restores PUFA production in each of the mutants.

EXAMPLE 11

A plasmid containing a paromomycin resistance marker cassette functional in Schizochyirium was developed for Schizochyirium sp. ATCC 20888 by replacement of the bleomycin/Zeocin™ resistance gene (ble) coding region in pMON50000/pTUBZEO11-2 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,001,772 B2) with that of neomycin phosphotransferase II (npt), originally from bacterial transposon Tn5. In pMON50000, the ble resistance gene is driven by the Schizochytrium α-tubulin promoter and is followed by the SV40 transcription terminator. The ble region in pMON50000 encompasses a NcoI restriction site at the ATG start codon and a PmlI restriction site immediately following the TGA stop signal. PCR was used to amplify the npt coding region present in pCaMVnpt (Shimizu et al., Plant J. 26(4):375 (2001)) such that the product included a BspHI restriction site (underlined below, primer CAX055) at the start ATG (bold) and a PmlI restriction site (underlined below, primer CAX056) immediately following the stop signal (bold—reverse complement):

CAX055 (forward): (SEQ ID NO: 66) GTCATGATTGAACAAGATGGATTGCAC CAX056 (reverse): (SEQ ID NO: 67) CCACGTG TCAGAAGAACTCGTCAAGAA.

PCR was carried out with the TaqMaster polymerase kit (5Prime), products were cloned into pCR4-TOPO (Invitrogen), and resulting plasmids were transformed into E. coli TOP10 (Invitrogen). DNA sequence analysis using vector primers identified multiple clones containing the desired 805 bp structure (i.e., the sequences match those of the source template plus the engineered restriction sites). The modified npt coding region was isolated by digestion with BspHI plus PmlI restriction enzymes, and the purified DNA fragment was ligated with a pMON50000 vector fragment generated by digestion with NcoI plus PmlI enzymes. Restriction enzymes BspHI and NcoI leave compatible overlapping ends, and PmlI leaves blunt ends. The resulting plasmid, pTS-NPT, contains the npt neomycin/paromomycin resistance gene in the identical context as that of the original ble gene in pMON50000.

Particle bombardment of Schizochytrium (U.S. Pat. No. 7,001,772 B2) was used to evaluate the function of the novel paromomycin resistance cassette in pTS-NPT. Selection for paromomycin (PAR) resistance was carried out on agar plates containing 50 μg/mL paromomycin sulfate (Sigma). Paromomycin-resistant Schizochytrium transformants were found at frequencies similar to those for Zeocin™-resistance from pMON50000. The “α-tubulin promoter/npt/SV40 terminator” cassette can be freed from pTS-NPT with various restriction enzymes for subsequent use in other development efforts.

EXAMPLE 12

The native orfC gene in Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 was replaced by homologous recombination following transformation with a vector containing the paromomycin resistance marker surrounded by sequences from the orfC flanking region. A mutant strain was generated lacking a functional orfC gene. The mutant strain was auxotrophic and required PUFA supplementation for growth.

Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA3 (SEQ ID NO:5) was cloned into expression vector pREZ22 to generate pREZ324. The expression vector contained approximately 2 kb of DNA from the flanking region of the native orfC gene locus from Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888.

The Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 mutant lacking functional orfC was transformed with pREZ324 containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA3. Based on homologous regions flanking the paromomycin resistance marker in the mutant and flanking the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA3 gene in pREZ324, double-crossover recombination occurred such that Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA3 was inserted into the native orfC locus. Homologous recombination with Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA3 (SEQ ID NO:5) restored PUFA production in the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 mutant lacking orfC. Cells were grown and analyzed for FAMEs as described in Example 7. The native Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 strain containing a functional orfC gene produced DHA and DPA n-6 in a ratio of 2.3:1. The recombinant strain containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA3 (SEQ ID NO:5) in place of the inactivated orfC gene produced DHA and DPA n-6 in a ratio of 14:9, further demonstrating that the PUFA profile of Schizochytrium can be altered by the nucleic acid molecules described herein. The EPA content of the recombinant strain was 1.2% of FAME, the DPA n-3 content was 0.2%, the DPA n-6 content was 2.9%, and the DHA content was 43.4%.

The Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 mutant lacking functional orfC was also transformed with pREZ324 containing PFA3, such that PFA3 was randomly integrated in the mutant and restored PUFA production. The EPA content of the recombinant strain was 1.2% of FAME, the DPA n-3 content was 0.2%, the DPA n-6 content was 2.5%, and the DHA content was 39.1%.

The native orfC gene in the daughter strain discussed in Example 10 was replaced by homologous recombination following transformation with a vector containing the paromomycin resistance marker surrounded by sequences from the orfC flanking region. A mutant strain was generated lacking a functional orfC gene. The mutant strain was auxotrophic and required PUFA supplementation for growth. The mutant lacking functional orfC was transformed with pREZ324. Double-crossover recombination occurred such that Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA3 was inserted into the native orfC locus of the mutant strain. Homologous recombination with Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA3 (SEQ ID NO:5) restored PUFA production in the daughter strain mutant lacking orfC. Cells were grown and analyzed for FAMEs as described in Example 7. The EPA content of the recombinant strain was 1.2% of FAME, the DPA n-3 content was 0.3%, the DPA n-6 content was 2.8%, and the DHA content was 43.1%.

The daughter strain mutant lacking functional orfB is also transformed with pREZ324 containing PFA3, such that PFA3 is randomly integrated in the mutant and restores PUFA production.

EXAMPLE 13

Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA3 (SEQ ID NO:72) was re-synthesized (DNA2.0) and codon-optimized for expression in Schizochytrium (SEQ ID NO:122) and was cloned into expression vector pREZ22 to generate pREZ337. Codon-optimization occurred using the Schizochytrium codon usage table in FIG. 22. The expression vector contained approximately 2 kb of DNA from the flanking region of the native orfC gene locus from Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888.

The daughter strain mutant lacking functional orfC from Example 12 was transformed via electroporation with enzyme pretreatment (see Example 8) with pREZ337 containing codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA3 (SEQ ID NO:122). Based on homologous regions flanking the Zeocin™ resistance marker in the mutant and flanking the PFA3 gene in pREZ337, double-crossover recombination occured such that codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA3 (SEQ ID NO:122) was inserted into the native orfC locus. Recombination with codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA3 (SEQ ID NO:122) restored PUFA production in the daughter strain mutant lacking orfC. Cells were grown and analyzed for FAMEs as described in Example 7. The EPA content of the recombinant strain was 1.3% of FAME, the DPA n-3 content was 0.4%, the DPA n-6 content was 2.7%, and the DHA content was 50.2%.

In an experiment to be performed, the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 mutant lacking functional orfC from Example 12 is transformed via electroporation with enzyme pretreatment (see Example 8) with pREZ337 containing codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA3 (SEQ ID NO:122). Based on homologous regions flanking the Zeocin™ resistance marker in the mutant and flanking the PFA3 gene in pREZ337, double-crossover recombination occurs such that codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA3 (SEQ ID NO:122) is inserted into the native orfC locus. Recombination with codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA3 (SEQ ID NO:122) restores PUFA production in the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 mutant lacking orfC.

The Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 and daughter strain mutants lacking functional orfC are also transformed with pREZ337 containing PFA3, such that PFA3 is randomly integrated in the mutants and restores PUFA production in each of the mutants.

EXAMPLE 14

Any two or all three of the orfA, orfB, and orfC genes in Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 are replaced by homologous recombination following transformation with vectors containing either the Zeocin™ or paromomycin resistance marker surrounded by sequences from the appropriate orf flanking region. Mutant strains are generated lacking functional genes for any two or all three of orfA, orfB, and orfC. The mutant strains are auxotrophic and require PUFA supplementation for growth.

The Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 mutants lacking functional orf genes are transformed with one or more expression vectors containing corresponding PFA genes (one or more of SED ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 120, 121, or 122). Based on homologous regions flanking the Zeocin™ or paromomycin resistance markers in the mutants and flanking the PFA genes in the respective expression vectors, double-crossover recombination can occur such that PFA genes are inserted into the native orf loci. Random integration of these expression vectors can also occur with the selection of transformants based solely on the restoration of PUFA production. Homologous recombination with PFA genes restores PUFA production in the mutants, such that native PUFA profiles are restored or altered based on the combination of PFA genes inserted into the mutants.

In one performed experiment, the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 strain from Example 12 lacking a functional orfC gene and containing randomly integrated Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA3 (SEQ ID NO:5) was used for replacement of the orfA and orfB genes. The native orfA and orfB genes in the strain were replaced by homologous recombination following transformation with a vector containing the Zeocin™ resistance marker surrounded by sequences from the orfA and orfB flanking regions. A strain was generated lacking functional orfA, orfB, and orfC, and containing randomly integrated Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA3. The strain was transformed with pREZ345 containing codon-optimized Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA1 (SEQ ID NO:1) and pREZ331 containing codon-optimized Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA2 (SEQ ID N0:3) such that random integration of PFA1 and PFA2 occurred. The resulting recombinant strain lacked functional orfA, orfB, and orfC and contained random integrations of Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA1, PFA2, and PFA3. Cells were grown and analyzed for FAMEs as described in Example 7. The EPA content of the recombinant strain was 6.6% of FAME, the DPA n-3 content was 0.8%, the DPA n-6 content was 1.6%, and the DHA content was 20.9%.

In another performed experiment, the daughter strain from Example 12 lacking a functional orfC gene and containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA3 (SEQ ID NO:5) inserted into the native orfC locus was used for replacement of the orfA and ° dB genes. The native orfA and orfB genes in the strain were replaced by homologous recombination following transformation with a vector containing the paromomycin resistance marker surrounded by sequences from the orfA and orfB flanking regions. A strain was generated lacking functional orfA, orfB, and orfC, and containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA3 inserted into the native orfC locus. The strain was transformed with pREZ345 containing codon-optimized Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA1 (SEQ ID NO:1) and pREZ331 containing codon-optimized Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA2 (SEQ ID NO:3). Double-crossover recombinations occurred such that Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA1 was inserted into the native orfA locus and Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA2 was inserted into the native orfB locus of the strain. The resulting recombinant strain lacked functional orfA, orfB, and orfC and contained Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA1, PFA2, and PFA3 inserted into the respective orfA, orfB, and orfC loci. Cells were grown and analyzed for FAMEs as described in Example 7. The EPA content of the recombinant strain was 7.3% of FAME, the DPA n-3 content was 0.4%, the DPA n-6 content was 1.5%, and the DHA content was 23.9%.

In another performed experiment, the daughter strain from Example 12 lacking a functional orfC gene and containing randomly integrated Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA3 (SEQ ID NO:5) was used for replacement of the orfA and orfB genes. The native orfA and orfB genes in the strain were replaced by homologous recombination following transformation with a vector containing the Zeocin™ resistance marker surrounded by sequences from the orfA and orfB flanking regions. A strain was generated lacking functional orfA, orfB, and orfC, and containing randomly integrated Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA3. The strain was transformed with pREZ345 containing codon-optimized Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA1 (SEQ ID NO:1) and pREZ331 containing codon-optimized Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA2 (SEQ ID NO:3) such that random integration of PFA1 and PFA2 occurred. The resulting recombinant strain lacked functional orfA, orfB, and orfC and contained random integrations of Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA1, PFA2, and PFA3. Cells were grown and analyzed for FAMEs as described in Example 7. The EPA content of the recombinant strain was 6.2% of FAME, the DPA n-3 content was 1.3%, the DPA n-6 content was 0.9%, and the DHA content was 16.6%.

In another performed experiment, the daughter strain from Example 13 lacking a functional orfC gene and containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA3 (SEQ ID NO:122) inserted into the native orfC locus was used for replacement of the orfA and orfB genes. The native orfA and orfB genes in the strain were replaced by homologous recombination following transformation with a vector containing the paromomycin resistance marker surrounded by sequences from the orfA and orfB flanking regions. A strain was generated lacking functional orfA, orfB, and orfC, and containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA3 inserted into the native orfC locus. The strain was transformed with pLR95 containing codon-optimized Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA1 (SEQ ID NO:120) and pLR85 containing codon-optimized Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA2 (SEQ ID NO:121). Double-crossover recombinations occurred such that Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA1 was inserted into the native orfA locus and Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA2 was inserted into the native orfB locus of the strain. The resulting recombinant strain lacked functional orfA, orfB, and orfC and contained Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA1, PFA2, and PFA3 inserted into the respective orfA, orfB, and orfC loci. Cells were grown and analyzed for FAMEs as described in Example 7. The EPA content of the recombinant strain was 5.2% of FAME, the DPA n-3 content was 0.6%, the DPA n-6 content was 2.1%, and the DHA content was 47.1%.

In another performed experiment, the daughter strain from Example 13 lacking a functional orfC gene and containing randomly integrated Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA3 (SEQ ID NO:122) was used for replacement of the orfA and orfB genes. The native orfA and orfB genes in the strain were replaced by homologous recombination following transformation with a vector containing the Zeocin™ resistance marker surrounded by sequences from the orfA and orfB flanking regions. A strain was generated lacking functional orfA, ° dB, and orfC, and containing randomly integrated Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA3. The strain was transformed with pLR95 containing codon-optimized Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA1 (SEQ ID NO:120) and pLR85 containing codon-optimized Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA2 (SEQ ID NO:121) such that random integration of PFA1 and PFA2 occurred. The resulting recombinant strain lacked functional orfA, orfB, and orfC and contained random integrations of Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA1, PFA2, and PFA3. Cells were grown and analyzed for FAMEs as described in Example 7. The EPA content of the recombinant strain was 1.8% of FAME, the DPA n-3 content was 1.8%, the DPA n-6 content was 2.3%, and the DHA content was 34.1%.

EXAMPLE 15

The orfA, orfB, and orfC genes from Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 were cloned into a series of Duet vectors (Novagen). The Duet expression vectors are a set of compatible plasmids in which multiple target genes are cloned and co-expressed from the T7 inducible promoter in E. coli. Duet plasmid pREZ91 contained Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfA in pETDuet-1; duet plasmid pREZ96 contained Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfB in pCDFDuet-1; and duet plasmid pREZ101 contained Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfC in pCDFDuet-1. Duet plasmids pREZ91, pREZ96, and pREZ101, along with plasmid pJK737, which contained the required accessory gene HetI (described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,217,856, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety), were transformed into E. coli strain BLR(DE3), which contains an inducible T7 RNA polymerase gene. Upon cell growth and addition of IPTG, according to manufacturer's instructions (Novagen), DHA and DPA n-6 were produced. Briefly, 1 mM IPTG was added for induction when cells reached an optical density of about 0.5 at 600 nm. Cells were the grown for 12 hours at 30° C. in Luria broth and harvested. The fatty acids were converted to methyl-esters using standard techniques. Fatty acid profiles were determined using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME).

The Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA1 (SEQ ID NO:1) gene was cloned into the expression vector pETDuet-1, generating pREZ346. Duet plasmids pREZ346 (containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA1), pREZ96 (containing orfB), and pREZ101 (containing orfC) were transformed into E. coli strain BLR(DE3) along with pJK737 (containing HetI). The Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA1 gene was coexpressed with the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfB and orfC genes. The expression of Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA1, in combination with Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfB and orfC, supported DHA production in E. coli under induction conditions. The DHA content of the transformed E. coli was 2.8% of FAME, the DPA n-6 content was 1.1%, the DPA n-3 content was 0.6%, and the EPA content was 3.7%.

EXAMPLE 16

The codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA1 (SEQ ID NO:120) gene was cloned into the expression vector pETDuet-1, generating pLR100. Duet plasmids pLR100 (containing codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA1), pREZ96 (containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfB), and pREZ101 (containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfC) are transformed into E. coli strain BLR(DE3) along with pJK737 (containing HetI). See Example 15. The Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA1 gene is coexpressed with the Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfB and orfC genes. The expression of Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA1, in combination with Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfB and orfC, supports DHA and EPA production in E. coli under induction conditions.

EXAMPLE 17

The Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA3 (SEQ ID NO:5) gene was cloned into the expression vector pCOLADuet-1, generating pREZ326. Duet plasmids pREZ326 (containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA3), pREZ91 (containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfA), and pREZ96 (containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfB) were transformed into E. coli strain BLR(DE3) along with pJK737 (containing HetI). See Example 15. The expression of Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA3, in combination with Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfA and orfB, supported DHA production in E. coli under induction conditions. Cells were grown and analyzed for FAMEs as described in Example 15. The DHA content of the transformed E. coli was 0.3% of FAME.

EXAMPLE 18

The codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA3 (SEQ ID NO:122) gene was cloned into the expression vector pCOLADuet-1, generating pREZ348. Duet plasmids pREZ348 (containing codon-optimized Thraustochyirium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA3), pREZ91 (containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfA), and pREZ96 (containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfB) were transformed into E. coli strain BLR(DE3) along with pJK737 (containing HetI). See Example 15. The expression of Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA3, in combination with Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfA and orfB, supported DHA production in E. coli under induction conditions. Cells were grown and analyzed for FAMEs as described in Example 15. The DHA content of the transformed E. coli was 2.9% of FAME and the DPA n-6 content was 0.4%.

EXAMPLE 19

The Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA2 (SEQ ID NO:3) gene was cloned into the expression vector pCDFDuet-1, generating pREZ330. Duet plasmids pREZ330 (containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA2), pREZ326 (containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA3), and pREZ91 (containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfA), were transformed into E. coli strain BLR(DE3) along with pJK737 (containing HetI). See Example 9. The expression of Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA2 and PFA3, in combination with Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfA, supported DHA production in E. coli under induction conditions. Cells were grown and analyzed for FAMEs as described in Example 15. The DHA content of the transformed E. coli was 0.8% of FAME and the DPA n-6 content was 0.2%.

EXAMPLE 20

The codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA2 (SEQ ID NO:121) gene was cloned into the expression vector pCDFDuet-1, generating pLR87. Duet plasmids pLR87 (containing codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA2), pREZ348 (containing codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA3), and pREZ91 (containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfA), were transformed into E. coli strain BLR(DE3) along with pJK737 (containing HetI). See Example 15. The expression of codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA2 and PFA3, in combination with Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfA, supported DHA and low levels of EPA production in E. coli under induction conditions. Cells were grown and analyzed for FAMEs as described in Example 15. The DHA content of the transformed E. coli was 4.4% of FAME, the DPA n-6 content was 1.1%, and the EPA content was 0.1%.

EXAMPLE 21

Duet plasmids pREZ346 (containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA1), pREZ330 (containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA2), and pREZ326 (containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA3) were transformed into E. coli strain BLR(DE3) along with pJK737 (containing HetI). See Example 15. The expression of Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA1, PFA2, and PFA3 supported DHA production in E. coli under induction conditions. Cells were grown and analyzed for FAMEs as described in Example 15. The DHA content of the transformed E. coli was 0.3% of FAME and the EPA content was 0.3%.

EXAMPLE 22

Duet plasmids pLR100 (containing codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA1), pLR87 (containing codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA2), and pREZ348 (containing codon-optimized Thraustochyirium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA3) are transformed into E. coli strain BLR(DE3) along with pJK737 (containing HetI). See Example 15. The expression of codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA1, PFA2, and PFA3 supports DHA and EPA production in E. coli under induction conditions.

EXAMPLE 23

Duet plasmids pREZ330 (containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA2), pREZ91 (containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfA), and pREZ101 (containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfC) were transformed into E. coli strain BLR(DE3) along with pJK737 (containing HetI). See Example 15. The expression of Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA2, in combination with Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfA and orfC, supported DHA production in E. coli under induction conditions. Cells were grown and analyzed for FAMEs as described in Example 15. The DHA content of the transformed E. coli was 0.6% of FAME and the DPA n-6 content was 0.3%.

EXAMPLE 24

Duet plasmids pLR87 (containing codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA2), pREZ91 (containing Schizochyirium sp. ATCC 20888 orfA), and pREZ101 (containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfC) were transformed into E. coli strain BLR(DE3) along with pJK737 (containing HetI). See Example 15. The expression of codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA2, in combination with Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfA and orfC, supported DHA and low levels of EPA production in E. coli under induction conditions. Cells were grown and analyzed for FAMEs as described in Example 15. The DHA content of the transformed E. coli was 1.7% of FAME, the DPA n-6 content was 0.9%, and the EPA content was 0.1%.

EXAMPLE 25

Duet plasmids pREZ346 (containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA1), pREZ330 (containing Schizochyirium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA2), and pREZ101 (containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfC) were transformed into E. coli strain BLR(DE3) along with pJK737 (containing HetI). See Example 15. The expression of PFA1 and PFA2, in combination with Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfC, supported DHA production in E. coli under induction conditions. Cells were grown and analyzed for FAMEs as described in Example 15. The DHA content of the transformed E. coli was 0.3% of FAME, the DPA n-6 content was 0.1%, and the EPA content was 0.5%.

EXAMPLE 26

Duet plasmids pLR100 (containing codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA1), pLR87 (containing codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA2), and pREZ101 (containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfC) are transformed into E. coli strain BLR(DE3) along with pJK737 (containing HetI). See Example 15. The expression of codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA1 and PFA2, in combination with Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfC, supports DHA and EPA production in E. coli under induction conditions.

EXAMPLE 27

Duet plasmids pREZ346 (containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA1), pREZ96 (containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfB), and pREZ326 (containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA3) were transformed into E. coli strain BLR(DE3) along with pJK737 (containing HetI). See Example 15. The expression of Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 PFA1 and PFA3, in combination with Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfB, supported DHA production in E. coli under induction conditions. Cells were grown and analyzed for FAMEs as described in Example 15. The DHA content of the transformed E. coli was 0.1% of FAME and the EPA content was 0.1%.

EXAMPLE 28

Duet plasmids pLR100 (containing codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA1), pREZ96 (containing Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfB), and pREZ348 (containing codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA3) are transformed into E. coli strain BLR(DE3) along with pJK737 (containing HetI). See Example 15. The expression of codon-optimized Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 PFA1 and PFA3, in combination with Schizochytrium sp. ATCC 20888 orfB, supports DHA and EPA production in E. coli under induction conditions.

EXAMPLE 29

Pfa1p, Pfa2p, and Pfa3p PUFA synthase activities in Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 and Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212 are individually knocked-out by standard procedures. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,217,856, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

The Zeocin™, hygromycin, blasticidin, or other appropriate resistance marker is inserted into a restriction site of the PFA1 gene (SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:68) that is contained in a plasmid. Following insertion of the resistance marker, the plasmid is introduced into Schizochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695 or Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-10212, respectively, by particle bombardment, electroporation, or other appropriate transformation method. Homologous recombination occurs, generating mutants in which the native PFA1 gene is either replaced or disrupted by the Zeocin™, hygromycin, blasticidin, or other appropriate resistance marker. Transformants are selected on plates containing Zeocin™, hygromycin, blasticidin, or other appropriate selection agent, supplemented with PUFAs. Colonies are further examined for the capacity to grow in the absence of PUFA supplementation. Genomic DNA is isolated from the colonies that are resistant to the selection agent and unable to grow in the absence of PUFA supplementation. PCR and Southern Blot analysis of the DNA is performed to demonstrate that the PFA1 gene is either deleted or disrupted.

PFA2 is knocked-out by similar procedures. Resultant knock-out mutants requiring PUFA supplementation are found to lack full-length PFA2.

PFA3 is knocked-out by similar procedures. Resultant knock-out mutants requiring PUFA supplementation are found to lack full-length PFA3.

All of the various aspects, embodiments, and options described herein can be combined in any and all variations.

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An recombinant nucleic acid molecule comprising a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide and a transcription control sequence, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:8, wherein the polypeptide comprises KS activity, said polynucleotide sequence is heterologous to said transcription control sequence.
 2. The recombinant nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein the polynucleotide sequence is at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:8.
 3. A host cell that expresses any one of the nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein said nucleic acid molecule is heterologous to the host cell, and wherein said host cell is not a human cell.
 4. The host cell of claim 3, wherein the host cell is selected from the group consisting of a plant cell, a microbial cell, and an isolated animal cell.
 5. The host cell of claim 4, wherein the microbial cell is a thraustochytrid, excluding Thraustochytrium sp. ATCC PTA-9695.
 6. The host cell of claim 5, wherein the thraustochytrid is a Schizochytrium or a Thraustochytrium.
 7. The host cell of claim 4, wherein the plant cell is selected from the group consisting of: canola, soybean, rapeseed, linseed/flax, maize, safflower, sunflower, tobacco, Arabidopsis thaliana, Brazil nut, castor bean, coconut, coriander, cotton, groundnut, jojoba, mustard, oil palm, olive, rice, squash, barley, wheat, and duckweed.
 8. A method to produce at least one PUFA, comprising: expressing a PUFA synthase gene in a host cell under conditions effective to produce PUFA, wherein the PUFA synthase gene comprises any one of the nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, and wherein at least one PUFA is produced, and wherein the nucleic acid molecule is heterologous to the host cell.
 9. A method to produce lipids enriched for DHA, EPA, or a combination thereof, comprising: expressing a PUFA synthase gene in a host cell under conditions effective to produce lipids, wherein the PUFA synthase gene comprises the nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, and wherein lipids enriched with DHA, EPA, or a combination thereof are produced.
 10. A method of increasing production of DHA, EPA, or a combination thereof in an organism having PUFA synthase activity, comprising: expressing the recombinant nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 in the organism under conditions effective to produce DHA, EPA, or a combination thereof, wherein said nucleic acid molecule is heterologous to the host organism, and wherein the PUFA synthase activity replaces an inactive or deleted activity, introduces a new activity, or enhances an existing activity in the organism, and wherein production of DHA, EPA, or a combination thereof in the organism is increased. 